Table 4.

Results of studies of nicotine replacement to help smokers not trying to quit to reduce.^a

	% (CPD) reducedb			% Achieved ≥ 50% reductionb
Study	Active	Control	RR	Active	Control	ORc
Published studies
Nicotine gum
Jimenez-Ruiz et al. 2002	23% (10)			29%
Rennard et al. 1990	63%(32)
Wennike et al. 2003	18% (4)	13% (3)	1.5	6%	1%	13.9
Nicotine inhaler
Bolliger et al. 2000				10%	3%	3.4
Fagerstrom et al. 2002	66% (14)	+9% (+2)	Larged
Hurt et al. 2000	25% (10)			13%
Stein et al. 2002	75% (27)	4% (2)	18.8
Choice of NRTs
Carpenter et al. 2003	34% (8)
Carpenter et al. 2004	43% (10)	17% (4)	2.5	39%	15%	3.6
Etter et al. 2004	33% (10)	26% (8)	1.3	31%	22%	1.6
		25%(8)	1.3		24%	1.4
Fagerstrom et al. 1997	45% (10)			50%
Hecht et al. 2004e		32% (8)
25th-75th percentile for published studies	25–63%	4–25% (2–8)	1.3–18.8	12–35%	3–22%	1.6–3.6
Unpublished studies
Nicotine gum
Haustein et al. 2003				6%	0%	13.0
Landfelt et al. 2003		6% (2)		8%	3%	3.1
Rennard et al. 1994a	53%(23)	49%(21)	1.1
	56%(25)	49%(21)	1.1
Nicotine inhaler
Rennard et al. 2002				8%	2%	4.6
Multiple NRTs
Joseph et al. 2005	39% (11)	25% (7)	1.6
Kotlyar et al. 2004				27%e
Kralikova et al. 2002				36%	27%	1.5
25th-75th percentile for all studies	25–56% (8–23)	13–26% (3–8)	1.3–2.5	8–27%	2–22%	1.6–4.6

^aBUP = bupropion, CA = cessation advice, CPD = cigarettes/day, NRT = nicotine replacement therapy, NT = no treatment, PL = placebo, PREP = potential reduced exposure product, OR = odds ratio, RR = reduction ratio (see text); bold type = from our calculations; italics = studies in previous review; see text for other studies.

^bIncludes abstainers.

^cOR underlined controlled for other factors.

^dControl group increased CPD; thus, RR not calculable.

^e40% reduction.