Table 1.

A representative selection of medical hypotheses for the cause of death of Jesus, or crucifixion in general

Cause of death	Background of author	Reference
Cardiac rupture	Physician	Stroud 1847 (Ref 2)
Heart failure	Physician	Davis 1965 (Ref 15)
Hypovolaemic shock	Forensic pathologist	Zugibe 2005 (Ref 12)
Syncope	Surgeon	LeBec 1925 (Ref 16)
Acidosis	Physician	Wijffels 2000 (Ref 17)
Asphyxia	Surgeon	Barbet 1963 (Ref 18)
Arrhythmia plus asphyxia	Pathologist	Edwards 1986 (Ref 19)
Pulmonary embolism	Haematologist	Brenner 2005 (Ref 20)
Voluntary surrender of life	Physician	Wilkinson 1972 (Ref 21)
Didn't actually die	Physician	Lloyd-Davies 1991 (Ref 22)