AS/PD, ampullary stenosis/pancreas divisum; HOP, head of pancreas; NS, not significant; PPPD, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; TDS, transduodenal sphincteroplasty; Whipple, pancreaticoduodenectomy with antrectomy.
Numbers in parentheses represent percentages.
* For pain management.
† Solid or cystic mass at head of the pancreas detected by computed tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ultrasound. Stricture in pancreatic duct or common bile duct detected by computed tomography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.