Figure 1. (A) Success rates for competitive research proposals submitted to the NIH by the five most active clinical departments at US medical schools during FY 1995–2001 (P = .017 or less vs. surgery for each nonsurgical department). (B) Success rates for surgical vs. combined nonsurgical clinical departments during the same period (mean ± SD for nonsurgery group, P = .0005 vs. nonsurgery group).