Table 4.
Association between serum folate concentrations and consumption of tobacco, coffee, and alcohol in the study sample of Cretan adults.
| Age- & gender-adjusted 1 | Multivariate-adjusted 2 | |
| Geometric mean (95% CI) | ||
| Tobacco consumption | ||
| Non/ex-smokers (n = 314) | 18.0 (16.9–19.1) | 17.4 (16.3–18.6) |
| Current smokers (n = 165) | 16.0 (14.7–17.4)3 | 16.2 (14.9–17.7) |
| <10 cigs/day (n = 52) | 17.7 (15.3–20.5) | 16.5 (14.1–19.4) |
| 10–19 cigs/day (n = 36) | 15.0 (12.6–17.9) | 14.7 (12.2–17.8) |
| ≥20 cigs/day (n = 76) | 14.6 (12.9–16.5)4 | 14.9 (12.9–17.2) |
| Coffee consumption | ||
| None (n = 102) | 18.2 (16.4–20.2) | 17.9 (16.2–19.8) |
| ≤200 g/day (n = 195) | 16.9 (15.7–18.2) | 17.2 (16.0–18.5) |
| >200 g/day (n = 86) | 15.5 (13.8–17.3)5 | 15.6 (14.0–17.4) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| None (n = 293) | 17.0 (16.0–18.1) | 17.0 (16.0–18.0) |
| ≤180 g/day (n = 43) | 16.0 (13.6–18.9) | 16.1 (13.8–18.9) |
| >180 g/day (n = 47) | 16.8 (14.4–19.7) | 18.2 (15.6–21.2) |
1 ANCOVA, controlling for age and gender.
2 ANCOVA, controlling for age, gender, district of residence, total energy intake, intakes of MUFA, fibre, calcium, magnesium, folate, vitamins A, E, C, B1, B6 (all log transformed).
4 Non/ex-smokers had significantly higher serum folate concentrations than current smokers (p = 0.029).
5 p = 0.047, linear trend by level of tobacco consumption.
6 p = 0.035, linear trend by level of coffee consumption.