Table 1.
Characteristics of the study populations
| Study | Year of data collection | Country | Study population | Number studied | Response rate | Age (years) | Females |
| Studies reporting point prevalence | |||||||
| Fry et al. 1987 |
1985 | Australia | Music population (7 performing music schools) | 1249 | - | - | 55% |
| McCormack et al. 1990 |
- | USA | Textile workers | 1) 2047 2) 895 |
91% 94% |
33.0–38.1 - |
75.8% - |
| Feldman et al. 2002 |
1995 | Canada | High school students | 502 | 62% | 13.8 (0.1) | 47.4% |
| Palmer et al. 2001 |
1997–98 | Great Britain | Non-manual occupations | 4889 | 58% | 16–64 | 53.4% |
| Picavet et al. 2003 |
1998 | The Netherlands | Open population | 3664 | 46.9% | >25 | 49.6% |
| Katz et al. 2000 |
1998 | USA | College students | 1544 | 96% | - | 45.5% |
| Studies reporting 12-months prevalence | |||||||
| Dimberg et al. 1989 |
1983 | Sweden | Engineering industry | 2814 | 96% | >10 | 13.6% |
| Bernard et al. 1994 |
- | USA | Newspaper employees | 973 | 93% | 39.2 (10.5) | 59.3% |
| Hales et al. 1994 |
- | USA | Tele- communication employees | 518 | - | 37.5 (9.8) | - |
| Polanyi et al. 1997 |
1995 | Canada | Newspaper employees | 1007 | 84% | 42 (9.4) | 44% |
| Batevi et al. 1998 |
- | Italy | Kindergarten teachers and traffic policemen | 749 | - | 15–35 (42%) >35 (58%) |
15–35 (55.9%) >35 (60.1%) |
| Morse et al. 2003 |
1996 | USA | Connecticut workers | 3200 | 78% | Working age | - |
| Studies reporting lifetime prevalence | |||||||
| Stockstill et al. 1993 |
1991 | USA | Dentists | 1016 | 98% | - | - |