Table 4.

Configural frequency analysis of ethnic differences in the sequence of onset of abuse and dependence diagnoses

Substance	Abuse onset			Total N	Omnibus row χ2	χ2 Difference in sequences
	Before dependence	Same year as dependence	After dependence
Ethnic differences
Alcohol
Afr.—Am.a	133(58),79%b	20,12%	16(4),9%c	169	156.65d	0.53
Cauc.a	312 (125),77%b	57,14%	36(9),9%c	405	349.73
Cannabis
Afr.—Am.a	76(43),61%b	15,12%	33(15),27%	124	47.53d	14.64d
Cauc. a	105(63),58%b	51,28%	26(9),14%	182	53.75d
Cocaine
Afr.—Am.a	56(11),28%c	107,54%b	36(6),18%c	199	40.41d	2.79
Cauc.a	37(17),26%	89,62%b	18(9),13%	144	56.29d
Opiates
Afr.—Am.a	25(8),32%	36,46%	18(6),23%	79	6.25d	0.66
Cauc.	28(18),36%	35,45%	14(4),18%	77	8.91d

Notes: Separate configural frequency analyses were conducted for each substance among persons with either or both abuse and dependence. Percentiles indicate the proportion of the total number of participants that experienced a disorder associated with the row substance in the column sequence. Some row percentiles may not sum to 100% because of rounding error. Parenthetical values indicate the ‘n’ experiencing either abuse only (in the “before dependence” column) or dependence only (in the “after dependence” column). “Total N” is slightly lower than number of persons meeting lifetime criteria for both abuse and dependence in Table 1 because of missing age of onset data.

^aFrequencies of the sequences differed significantly from random order.

^bSequence was common, compared to chance (Type).

^cSequence was rare, compared to chance (Antitype).

^dDifference in sequences of onset of disorders was significant (p< .025).