Table 4.
Work Probabilities and Income Earned From Competitive Jobs Over Time by Program
| Model 1: Unconditional Means |
Model 2: Unconditional Growth |
Model 3: Program × Time |
Model 4: Vocational Servicesa |
Model 5: Mental Health Servicesa |
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| Parameter | Est (SE) | P Value | Est (SE) | P Value | Est (SE) | P Value | Est (SE) | P Value | Est (SE) | P Value |
| Probability of working (logistic component) | ||||||||||
| Intercept | −2.35 (0.33) | <.001 | −1.65 (0.37) | <.001 | −2.13 (0.52) | <.001 | −2.31 (0.55) | <.001 | −2.34 (0.56) | <.001 |
| Time | 0.32 (0.07) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.14) | <.001 | 0.80 (0.15) | <.001 | 0.77 (0.14) | <.001 | ||
| Program (1 = ACT-IPS, 0 = SEP) | 1.31 (0.65) | .046 | 1.29 (0.67) | .057 | 1.28 (0.67) | .06 | ||||
| Program × Time interaction | −0.63 (0.17) | <.001 | −0.63 (0.17) | <.001 | −0.62 (0.17) | <.001 | ||||
| Covariateb | 0.031 (0.013) | .015 | 0.016 (0.010) | .11 | ||||||
| Random intercept | 6.71 (1.74) | <.001 | 7.52 (1.95) | <.001 | 6.35 (1.67) | <.001 | 6.88 (1.88) | <.001 | 6.82 (1.84) | <.001 |
| Income from competitive job (lognormal component) | ||||||||||
| Intercept | 5.58 (0.25) | <.001 | 5.86 (0.26) | <.001 | 5.30 (0.39) | <.001 | 5.32 (0.39) | <.001 | 5.23 (0.40) | <.001 |
| Time | 0.14 (0.04) | .001 | 0.15 (0.10) | .11 | 0.14 (0.10) | .15 | 0.16 (0.10) | .10 | ||
| Program (1 = ACT-IPS, 0 = SEP) | 1.10 (0.38) | .005 | 1.12 (0.38) | .003 | 1.11 (0.39) | .005 | ||||
| Program × time interaction | −0.009 (0.11) | .93 | −0.013 (0.11) | .90 | −0.002 (0.11) | .99 | ||||
| Covariateb | −0.006 (0.01) | .39 | 0.004 (0.005) | .51 | ||||||
| Residual (within participants) | 0.79 (0.10) | <.001 | 0.72 (0.09) | <.001 | 0.72 (0.09) | <.001 | 0.72 (0.09) | <.001 | 0.71 (0.09) | <.001 |
| Random intercept | 1.47 (0.48) | .002 | 1.56 (0.49) | .002 | 1.38 (0.43) | .002 | 1.33 (0.43) | .002 | 1.44 (0.46) | .002 |
| −2LL/AIC | 1,200 | 1,215 | 1,168 | 1,184 | 1,128 | 1,152 | 1,121 | 1,149 | 1,126 | 1,154 |
| Selected Models (7–12) |
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| Job Months in Past 5 Yearsc |
Supplemental Security Income/Social Security Disability Incomed |
Diagnosise |
Education Levelc |
Racef |
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| Parameter |
Est (SE) |
P Value |
Est (SE) |
P Value |
Est (SE) |
P Value |
Est (SE) |
P Value |
Est (SE) |
P Value |
| Probability of working (logistic component) | ||||||||||
| Intercept | −2.41 (0.55) | <.001 | −0.70 (0.79) | .38 | −2.77 (0.62) | <.001 | −1.98 (0.53) | <.001 | −2.52 (0.58) | <.001 |
| Time | 0.72 (0.14) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.14) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.14) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.14) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.14) | <.001 |
| Program (1 = ACT-IPS, 0 = SEP) | 1.08 (0.67) | .11 | 0.76 (1.05) | .47 | 1.60 (0.77) | .039 | 1.23 (0.66) | .06 | 1.48 (0.71) | .040 |
| Program × time interaction | −0.61 (0.16) | <.001 | −0.63 (0.17) | <.001 | −0.63 (0.17) | <.001 | −0.64 (0.17) | <.001 | −0.63 (0.17) | <.001 |
| Covariate | 0.051 (0.022) | .025 | −1.87 (0.87) | .033 | 2.25 (0.86) | .010 | 0.35 (0.33) | .28 | 2.02 (0.95) | .034 |
| Covariate × program interaction | 0.014 (0.029) | .63 | 0.69 (1.16) | .55 | −1.24 (1.11) | .27 | −0.13 (0.41) | .75 | −0.77 (1.28) | .55 |
| Random intercept | 4.88 (1.33) | <.001 | 5.86 (1.56) | <.001 | 5.80 (1.54) | <.001 | 6.23 (1.64) | <.001 | 5.95 (1.58) | <.001 |
| Income from competitive job (lognormal component) | ||||||||||
| Intercept | 5.26 (0.41) | <.001 | 6.44 (0.44) | <.001 | 4.69 (0.45) | <.001 | 5.43 (0.38) | <.001 | 5.25 (0.43) | <.001 |
| Time | 0.16 (0.10) | .10 | 0.17 (0.09) | .07 | 0.18 (0.09) | .06 | 0.18 (0.09) | .06 | 0.15 (0.10) | .13 |
| Program (1 = ACT-IPS, 0 = SEP) | 0.92 (0.41) | .026 | 0.49 (0.51) | .34 | 1.53 (0.46) | .001 | 1.00 (0.38) | .010 | 1.03 (0.43) | .017 |
| Program × time interaction | −0.018 (0.11) | .86 | −0.03 (0.11) | .78 | −0.03 (0.11) | .74 | −0.034 (0.11) | .74 | −0.004 (0.11) | .97 |
| Covariate | 0.022 (0.013) | .097 | −1.45 (0.45) | .002 | 1.66 (0.49) | .001 | 0.46 (0.22) | .036 | 0.55 (0.53) | .30 |
| Covariate × program interaction | 0.006 (0.016) | .71 | 0.77 (0.56) | .17 | −1.18 (0.60) | .051 | −0.25 (0.25) | .31 | 0.10 (0.67) | .88 |
| Residual (within participants) | 0.72 (0.09) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.10) | <.001 | 0.72 (0.09) | <.001 | 0.70 (0.09) | <.001 | 0.72 (0.09) | <.001 |
| Random intercept | 1.05 (0.34) | .002 | 1.02 (0.34) | .004 | 1.24 (0.39) | .002 | 1.37 (0.42) | .002 | 1.25 (0.40) | .002 |
| −2LL/AIC |
1,111 |
1,143 |
1,115 |
1,147 |
1,114 |
1,146 |
1,121 |
1,153 |
1,121 |
1,153 |
Note: SEP = Supported Employment Program, ACT-IPS = Assertive Community Treatment–Individual Placement and Support Program, Est = estimate, SE = standard error, –2LL = minus twice the LogLikelihood, AIC = Akaike Information Criterion. Time is defined as 6 4-month intervals and centered on the last interval. The sample size is 77 for SEP and 66 for ACT-IPS. Smaller values for –2LL and AIC indicate better model fit.
a
Number of contacts per interval.
b
Covariate = vocational and mental health services and demographic and diagnostic characteristics entered into Model 3 (program × time).
c
Centered at each program's median.
d
Supplemental Security Income/Social Security Disability Income: 1 = yes, 0 = no.
e
Diagnosis: 1 = mood spectrum, 0 = schizophrenia spectrum.
f
Race: 1 = Caucasian, 0 = African American.