Figure 1. Scissors Diagram Showing the Gender Distribution within Career Stages in Biological Sciences at German Universities (2003).

Percent male and female are shown for enrolling university students through graduation, PhDs awarded, scientific staff (includes post-doctoral fellows, some junior group leaders, and research scientists with university or PhD degrees), Habilitation (awarded for research accomplishments following the PhD as well as teaching experience, often a pre-requisite for university professorships in Germany), and professors (includes independent group leaders roughly equivalent to assistant, associate, and full professors in the American system—C2–C4 scale). Data prepared by Center of Excellence Women and Science (CEWS, http://www.cews.org/cews/index.php). Source: Federal Statistical Office Germany.