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Variance reveals that constant-velocity experiments are in thermal equilibrium in the Helmholtz ensemble. (A) A single dextran molecule was stretched (blue) and relaxed (red) consecutively at a rate of 250 nm s−1. The figure shows the first four out of 667 cycles. (B) The experimental (green) and predicted (pink) length variances are in very good agreement, indicating that the molecule is indeed in thermal equilibrium in the Helmholtz ensemble.
