TABLE 2—
Healthy Start Program Status | |||
% Distribution by— | Clients (n = 1347) | Nonclients (n = 1329) | P |
Maternal age <20 y | 25.0 | 15.2 | <.001 |
Maternal education less than high school | 45.6 | 36.2 | <.005 |
African American | 83.8 | 66.6 | <.001 |
Household income | |||
Missing | 17.0 | 16.8 | <.05 |
<$5000/y | 44.6 | 36.0 | . . . |
Never married | 67.8 | 53.9 | <.001 |
Parity = 1 | 44.2 | 40.4 | NS |
Pregnancy intended13,14 | 22.3 | 28.8 | <.05 |
PNC in private office/HMO | 18.8 | 35.9 | <.001 |
Physician sole PNC provider | 58.6 | 66.4 | <.05 |
Insurance coverage for entire pregnancy | 85.6 | 90.0 | NS |
Type of insurance | |||
Medicaid | 73.7 | 67.4 | NS |
None | 4.3 | 3.0 | . . . |
Smoking in pregnancya,13 | 31.4 | 32.0 | NS |
Alcohol use in pregnancya,13 | 16.4 | 11.7 | NS |
Drug use in pregnancya,13 | 29.8 | 25.8 | NS |
Barriers to PNC | 15.2 | 13.3 | NS |
Start of PNC later than 1st trimester | 20.4 | 17.6 | NS |
PNC less than adequate15 | 22.8 | 18.7 | NS |
Fewer than all medical procedures performed15 | 14.4 | 19.1 | NSb |
Counseled on fewer than all health topics plus HIV13 | 44.8 | 50.9 | <.05 |
Case management16 | 58.4 | 28.0 | <.0001 |
No WIC services in pregnancy | 16.2 | 22.7 | <.05 |
Fewer than all postpartum teaching topics | 54.7 | 62.0 | <.05 |
Duration of postpartum stay <24 h | 11.2 | 10.2 | NS |
Perceived quality of PNC less than excellent17–19 | 54.2 | 58.7 | NSc |
No continuity of obstetric provider | 53.5 | 53.0 | NS |
No breastfeeding | 59.7 | 54.3 | NS |
Not receiving food stamps | 33.5 | 40.6 | <.05 |
Not receiving AFDC | 42.0 | 48.8 | <.05 |
Not currently using birth control | 47.9 | 56.7 | <.05 |
Postpartum checkup not completed | 37.2 | 36.1 | NS |
Well-baby care not started | 18.6 | 20.7 | NS |
Immunizations not started | 15.5 | 17.1 | NS |
Less than very satisfied with PNC | 15.1 | 18.9 | NSd |
Rating of infant'fs health as less than excellent | 40.5 | 46.2 | <.05 |
Note. PNC = prenatal care; HMO = health maintenance organization; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; AFDC = Aid to Families With Dependent Children; NS = not significant.
aAmong those who had smoked, drunk, or used illicit substances.
bP < .06.
cP = .10.
dP = .10