TABLE 2—

Use of Preventive Care by Children Enrolled in Medicaid: Estimated Effects of Child WIC Participation

	Completed Year of Age
	1	2	3	4
Any well-child care
% with any well-child visit	76.9	52.3	52.8	71.1
Odds ratios from logistic regressiona
Low WIC participation	1.22**	1.05	1.08	1.18**
Medium WIC participation	1.48**	1.27**	1.24**	1.38**
High WIC participation	2.12**	1.57**	1.74**	1.89**
Recommended EPSDT visitsb
% receiving recommended EPSDT visits	66.3	46.4	48.0	63.2
Odds ratios from logistic regressiona
Low WIC participation	1.17**	1.03	1.11*	1.13*
Medium WIC participation	1.39**	1.25**	1.31**	1.31**
High WIC participation	1.78**	1.65**	1.82**	1.70**
EPSDT Medicaid costs
Average EPSDT Medicaid costs	$73.50	$42.05	$43.63	$67.77
Estimated difference in Medicaid costs, $c
Low WIC participation	3	–3	−2	3*
Medium WIC participation	6**	8**	2	6**
High WIC participation	16**	11**	10**	11**
All well-child Medicaid costs
Average well-child Medicaid costs	$77.54	$43.44	$44.48	$68.44
Estimated difference in Medicaid costs, $c
Low WIC participation	3	−2	−2	3*
Medium WIC participation	5**	7*	2	6**
High WIC participation	16**	10**	10**	11**

Note. Each cell represents a separate regression model. Control variables are shown in Table 1 ▶. EPSDT = Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.

^aOdds ratios are significantly different from 1.0 at the .05 (*) or .01 (**) level. Reference group is children with no WIC participation.

^bOne full EPSDT visit per year.

^cEstimated differences from the no-WIC group are based on Tobit regression coefficients and are significant at the .05 (*) or .01 (**) level.

*P < .05; **P < .01. All P values are 2-tailed.