TABLE 3—
Crude Overall Rate Ratios (RRs), by Race/Ethnicity and Time, Associated With Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations (per 10 000) Among Men and Women Aged 21–64 Years for Selected Chronic Conditions: California, 1991–1998
| Angina | CHF | Diabetes | Hypertension | |||||||||
| RR | 99% CI | P | RR | 99% CI | P | RR | 99% CI | P | RR | 99% CI | P | |
| Men | ||||||||||||
| African American vs | ||||||||||||
| Asian | 3.2 | 2.6, 4.0 | <.0001 | 7.0 | 5.8, 8.3 | <.0001 | 9.6 | 8.1, 12.0 | <.0001 | 6.8 | 4.9, 9.6 | <.0001 |
| Caucasian | 1.6 | 1.3, 2.1 | <.0001 | 4.1 | 3.5, 4.6 | <.0001 | 4.4 | 3.8, 4.9 | <.0001 | 7.1 | 6.1, 8.9 | <.0001 |
| Hispanic | 2.9 | 2.3, 3.4 | <.0001 | 5.6 | 4.8, 6.6 | <.0001 | 2.7 | 2.1, 3.2 | <.0001 | 5.4 | 4.3, 6.9 | <.0001 |
| Time (1991–1998) | 0.15 | 0.14, 0.16 | <.0001 | 1.38 | 1.32, 1.45 | <.0001 | 1.12 | 1.07, 1.18 | <.0001 | 1.06 | 0.96, 1.17 | .13 |
| Race/Ethnicity × Time: African American vs | ||||||||||||
| Asian | . . . | . . . | <.0001 | . . . | . . . | .28 | . . . | . . . | .19 | . . . | . . . | .09 |
| Caucasian | . . . | . . . | <.0001 | . . . | . . . | .28 | . . . | . . . | .30 | . . . | . . . | .09 |
| Hispanic | . . . | . . . | <.0001 | . . . | . . . | <.0001 | . . . | . . . | .08 | . . . | . . . | .08 |
| Women | ||||||||||||
| African American vs | ||||||||||||
| Asian | 4.4 | 3.9, 5.0 | <.0001 | 8.2 | 7.3, 9.1 | <.0001 | 9.9 | 9.0, 10.8 | <.0001 | 6.7 | 5.8, 7.5 | <.0001 |
| Caucasian | 2.6 | 2.2, 3.0 | <.0001 | 5.5 | 5.1, 5.8 | <.0001 | 4.0 | 3.9, 4.2 | <.0001 | 8.3 | 7.7, 9.0 | <.0001 |
| Hispanic | 2.7 | 2.5, 2.9 | <.0001 | 5.1 | 4.7, 5.5 | <.0001 | 2.6 | 2.5, 2.8 | <.0001 | 5.1 | 4.6, 5.9 | <.0001 |
| Time (1991–1998) | 0.26 | 0.25, 0.28 | <.0001 | 1.20 | 1.14, 1.26 | <.0001 | 0.93 | 0.88, 0.98 | <.0002 | 1.14 | 1.04, 1.26 | <.0002 |
| Race/Ethnicity × Time: African American vs | ||||||||||||
| Asian | . . . | . . . | .0002 | . . . | . . . | <.02 | . . . | . . . | .003 | . . . | . . . | .006 |
| Caucasian | . . . | . . . | <.0001 | . . . | . . . | <.009 | . . . | . . . | .18 | . . . | . . . | .34 |
| Hispanic | . . . | . . . | .02 | . . . | . . . | <.006 | . . . | . . . | .80 | . . . | . . . | .15 |
Note. Selected conditions (and related ICD-9-CM hospital discharge rubric codes) were as follows: angina (413.0, 413.1, 413.9 [excluding 411.1, unstable and preinfarction angina]), congestive heart failure (428, 402.01, 402.11, 402.91), diabetes (250.0, 250.1, 250.2, 250.3, 251.0), and hypertension (401, 401.0, 401.1, 401.9, 402.0, 402.1). The African American and White groups reflect self-identified Black and White non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, respectively; the Hispanic group reflects self-identified “other”/Hispanic race/ethnicity. Results were derived from 4 separate sex-specific Poisson regression models. Each model included the following coding scheme. The outcome variable was rate of admission, and the independent variables were race/ethnicity (African American, Asian, White, Hispanic, with African American as the comparison group), and year of admission (1991–1998). Covariates included age (21–44 years, 45–64 years) and type of health insurance coverage (public Medi-Cal, private BlueCross BlueShield, private health maintenance organization, self-pay, free care). All models included first-order Race/Ethnicity × Time interaction terms. The level of significance was set at P ≤ .01. Data were derived from pooled computerized 1991–1998 calendar year hospital discharge data, 1990 US census data, and 1991–1998 population estimates for California. Hospital admission rates were standardized (per 10 000) by sex, and according to age and race/ethnicity, on the basis of census data. CHF = congestive heart failure; CI = confidence interval.