TABLE 1—
Association Between Being Women Injection Drug Users Who Have Sex With Women (WSW IDUs) and Selected Variables, Controlling for Recruitment Site: 6 Sites in 5 US Cities, July 1997–March 1999
| Odds Ratio (or Linear Regression Coefficient β) | 95% Confidence Interval | |
| Mean age | β = −0.642 | −1.208, −0.076 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 1.245 | 0.893, 1.736 |
| Black | 0.835 | 0.533, 1.309 |
| Hispanic | 0.612 | 0.369, 1.013 |
| Other | 1.379 | 0.772, 2.461 |
| Housing status | ||
| Homeless, past 6 mos | 1.772 | 1.275, 2.462 |
| Lived on the street (park, bus or train station, under highway overpass, alleys, rooftops), past 6 mos | 0.954 | 0.582, 1.564 |
| Income | ||
| Most money from state or federal benefits, welfare, or public assistance, past 6 mos | 0.380 | 0.207, 0.697 |
| Most money from selling sex, past 6 mos | 1.888 | 1.270, 2.805 |
| Completed high school or received general equivalency diploma | 1.175 | 0.864, 1.597 |
| Mean age at first injection | β = −1.001 | −1.587, −0.415 |
| Institutionalization experience | ||
| Ever in mental health ward or facility | 1.855 | 1.339, 2.571 |
| Ever spent time in correctional facility, jail, juvenile detention center or juvenile hall, or prison | 1.630 | 1.157, 2.295 |
| In drug detoxification, drug treatment, or Narcotics Anonymous, past 6 mos | 0.934 | 0.684, 1.276 |
| Infections | ||
| Hepatitis B core antibody positive | 1.770 | 1.222, 2.563 |
| Hepatitis C positive | 0.921 | 0.660, 1.285 |
| Chlamydia | 0.753 | 0.365, 1.553 |
| Gonorrhea | 0.134 | 0.017, 1.037 |
| HIV seropositive | 1.828 | 0.987, 3.384 |
| Site HIV prevalence, % | ||
| ≤ 10 | 1.129 | 0.433, 2.945 |
| >10 | 2.636 | 1.175, 5.915 |
| Risk and transmission behaviors, past 6 mos | ||
| Injected at least daily | 1.152 | 0.846, 1.570 |
| Engaged in receptive syringe sharing | 1.692 | 1.241, 2.306 |
| Shared rinse water | 1.540 | 1.135, 2.090 |
| Backloaded | 1.171 | 0.843, 1.628 |
| Received money or drugs for sex | 2.201 | 1.557, 3.112 |
| Shared cooker | 1.300 | 0.942, 1.792 |
| Shared cotton | 1.305 | 0.963, 1.768 |
| Put drugs together at least half the time | 1.205 | 0.868, 1.674 |
| Obtained most syringes from a syringe exchange, past 6 mos | 1.160 | 0.824, 1.633 |
| Networks | ||
| Ever injected with MSM IDU | 2.792 | 1.900, 4.104 |
| Ever had unprotected sex with MSM IDU | 3.423 | 2.079, 5.636 |
| Ever injected with WSW IDUs | 5.133 | 3.629, 7.260 |
| Ever injected with an IDU who was at least 5 years older | 1.599 | 1.149, 2.224 |
| Ever injected with anyone who had hepatitis | 1.764 | 1.154, 2.699 |
| Ever had sex with an IDU | 1.734 | 1.163, 2.587 |
| Ever had sex with someone you knew or thought had HIV | 2.504 | 1.547, 4.053 |
| Ever injected with anyone who had HIV | 1.422 | 0.933, 2.169 |
| Ever had sex with someone you knew or thought had AIDS | 1.831 | 0.857, 3.912 |
| Ever had sex with someone you knew or thought had hepatitis B or C | 1.165 | 0.737, 1.840 |
| Ever had sex with someone you knew or thought had gonorrhea | 2.127 | 0.917, 4.936 |
| Ever had sex with someone you knew or thought had chlamydia | 1.584 | 0.853, 2.941 |
| Mean no. of male sex partners | β = 10.596 | 1.519, 19.673 |
Note. MSM = men who have sex with men. Backloading refers to injecting drugs using drugs from another user’s syringe.