TABLE 2—
Reproducibility of Items and Scales That Assessed Physical Environments: San Diego Instrument, 2002 (n = 93)
| Travel Time to Location | ||||||||
| Instrument Domain and Characteristic | 1–5 Min, % | 6–10 Min, % | 11–20 Min, % | 21–30 Min, % | ≥ 31 Min, % | Mean (SD) | Observed Agreement, % | ICC |
| Land use mix—diversity | 0.93 | |||||||
| Convenience/small grocery store | 29.0 | 20.4 | 25.8 | 8.6 | 16.1 | 3.4 (1.4) | 68.5 | 0.85 |
| Supermarket | 8.8 | 12.1 | 25.3 | 14.3 | 39.6 | 2.4 (1.4) | 54.8 | 0.69 |
| Hardware store | 11.4 | 6.8 | 22.7 | 11.4 | 47.7 | 2.2 (1.5) | 57.2 | 0.74 |
| Fruit/vegetable market | 10.0 | 11.3 | 18.8 | 12.5 | 47.5 | 2.1 (1.6) | 53.4 | 0.46 |
| Laundry/dry cleaners | 17.6 | 12.1 | 14.3 | 19.8 | 36.3 | 2.7 (1.5) | 63.2 | 0.64 |
| Clothing store | 5.9 | 12.9 | 16.5 | 11.8 | 52.9 | 2.0 (1.5) | 60.5 | 0.60 |
| Post office | 13.2 | 15.4 | 17.6 | 17.6 | 36.3 | 2.6 (1.5) | 54.9 | 0.80 |
| Library | 16.3 | 10.9 | 15.2 | 17.4 | 40.2 | 2.6 (1.5) | 65.4 | 0.79 |
| Elementary school | 21.5 | 18.3 | 21.5 | 11.8 | 26.9 | 3.1 (1.5) | 64.3 | 0.80 |
| Schools other than elementary | 10.8 | 19.4 | 16.1 | 12.9 | 40.0 | 2.6 (1.5) | 53.5 | 0.60 |
| Bookstore | 6.3 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 10.0 | 58.8 | 1.9 (1.5) | 58.4 | 0.73 |
| Fast-food restaurant | 16.7 | 17.8 | 25.6 | 12.2 | 27.8 | 2.6 (1.5) | 56.0 | 0.72 |
| Coffee place | 20.5 | 9.6 | 16.9 | 12.0 | 41.0 | 2.6 (1.7) | 54.9 | 0.62 |
| Bank/credit union | 21.5 | 18.3 | 18.3 | 12.9 | 29.0 | 3.0 (1.5) | 62.0 | 0.74 |
| Non–fast-food restaurant | 16.5 | 15.4 | 23.1 | 12.1 | 33.0 | 2.8 (1.5) | 55.5 | 0.68 |
| Video store | 14.3 | 9.9 | 20.9 | 16.5 | 38.5 | 2.5 (1.5) | 62.2 | 0.83 |
| Pharmacy/drug store | 11.2 | 14.6 | 23.6 | 15.7 | 34.8 | 2.5 (1.5) | 56.1 | 0.79 |
| Salon/barber shop | 25.3 | 13.2 | 19.8 | 17.6 | 24.4 | 3.1 (1.5) | 64.3 | 0.67 |
| Your job | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 9.1 | 79.2 | 1.3 (1.3) | 70.3 | 0.60 |
| Bus/trolley stop | 49.7 | 16.7 | 6.4 | 2.6 | 34.6 | 3.3 (2.0) | 67.2 | 0.77 |
| Park | 29.7 | 19.8 | 14.3 | 9.9 | 26.4 | 3.2 (1.6) | 60.8 | 0.80 |
| Recreation center | 16.0 | 8.6 | 18.5 | 14.8 | 42.0 | 2.3 (1.7) | 46.2 | 0.44 |
| Gym/fitness facility | 8.1 | 16.3 | 18.6 | 11.6 | 45.3 | 2.3 (1.5) | 52.0 | 0.58 |
| Presence of Housing Type in Neighborhood | ||||||||
| Characteristic | None, % | Few, % | Some, % | Most, % | All, % | Mean (SD) | Observed Agreement, % | ICC |
| Residential density | 0.78a | |||||||
| Detached single-family residences | 6.5 | 17.2 | 15.1 | 23.7 | 37.6 | 2.7 (1.3) | 57.2 | 0.52 |
| Townhouses/row houses of 1–3 stories | 54.8 | 20.4 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 3.2 | 1.9 (1.2) | 62.0 | 0.56 |
| Apartments/condos 1–3 stories | 57.6 | 20.7 | 13.0 | 6.5 | 2.2 | 1.8 (1.1) | 64.2 | 0.70 |
| Apartments/condos 4–6 stories | 89.2 | 6.5 | 3.2 | 1.1 | . . . | 1.2 (0.5) | 83.9 | 0.51 |
| Apartments/condos 7–12 stories | 93.5 | 4.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | . . . | 1.1 (0.4) | 96.9 | 0.89 |
| Apartments/condos > 13 stories | 97.8 | 1.1 | . . . | 1.1 | . . . | 1.0 (0.3) | 97.8 | . . . |
| Acceptance of Statements | |||||||
| Characteristic | Strongly Agree, % | Somewhat Agree, % | Somewhat Disagree, % | Strongly Disagree, % | Mean (SD) | Observed Agreement, % | ICC |
| Land use mix—access | 0.77 | ||||||
| Shopping at local stores | 31.2 | 20.4 | 12.9 | 35.5 | 2.5 (1.3) | 53.2 | 0.57 |
| Stores within walking distance | 25.8 | 30.1 | 8.6 | 35.5 | 2.5 (1.2) | 61.4 | 0.71 |
| Parking difficult in shopping areas | 7.5 | 14.0 | 17.2 | 61.3 | 1.7 (1.0) | 41.8 | 0.22 |
| Many places within walking distance | 33.7 | 26.1 | 8.7 | 31.5 | 2.6 (1.3) | 44.6 | 0.53 |
| Easy walking to transit stop | 40.5 | 16.7 | 2.4 | 40.5 | 2.6 (1.4) | 72.5 | 0.78 |
| Hilly streets difficult to walk | 6.5 | 14.0 | 17.2 | 62.4 | 1.7 (1.0) | 54.4 | 0.48 |
| Canyons/hillsides limit the number of traveling routes | 2.2 | 7.5 | 12.9 | 77.4 | 1.3 (0.7) | 60.3 | 0.25 |
| Street/walking environment | 0.41 | ||||||
| Not many/any cul-de-sacs | 38.7 | 24.7 | 6.5 | 30.1 | 2.7 (1.3) | 33.3 | 0.18 |
| Walkways connect cul-de-sacs to streets | 15.2 | 15.2 | 9.8 | 59.8 | 1.9 (1.2) | 49.9 | 0.26 |
| Short distance between intersections | 44.4 | 21.1 | 10.0 | 24.4 | 2.9 (1.2) | 41.5 | 0.22 |
| Many 4-way intersections | 35.5 | 20.4 | 10.8 | 33.3 | 2.6 (1.3) | 47.4 | 0.51 |
| Many alternative travel routes | 48.4 | 28.0 | 5.4 | 18.3 | 3.1 (1.1) | 56.0 | 0.66 |
| Infrastructure for walking/cycling | 0.76 | ||||||
| Sidewalks on most streets | 48.4 | 18.3 | 3.2 | 30.1 | 2.9 (1.3) | 63.5 | 0.77 |
| Well-maintained sidewalks | 29.3 | 27.2 | 7.6 | 35.9 | 2.5 (1.3) | 60.7 | 0.69 |
| Bike/pedestrian trails accessible | 17.4 | 17.4 | 9.8 | 55.4 | 2.0 (1.2) | 47.8 | 0.52 |
| Sidewalks separated from the roads by parked cars | 22.6 | 16.1 | 7.5 | 53.8 | 2.1 (1.3) | 52.8 | 0.56 |
| Grass/dirt strip separates the streets from sidewalks | 38.7 | 12.9 | 9.7 | 38.7 | 2.5 (1.4) | 53.3 | 0.65 |
| Neighborhood safe for biking | 58.1 | 30.1 | 2.2 | 9.7 | 3.4 (0.9) | 49.5 | 0.45 |
| Neighborhood aesthetics | 0.66 | ||||||
| Trees along the streets | 58.1 | 25.8 | 2.2 | 14.0 | 3.3 (1.1) | 53.9 | 0.57 |
| Trees/canopy cover along the sidewalks | 17.6 | 24.2 | 3.3 | 54.9 | 2.0 (1.2) | 42.9 | 0.49 |
| Many interesting sights while walking | 38.7 | 36.6 | 12.9 | 11.8 | 3.0 (1.0) | 57.0 | 0.64 |
| Neighborhood free from litter | 50.5 | 34.4 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 3.3 (0.9) | 51.1 | 0.46 |
| Attractive views/landscape | 35.9 | 27.2 | 20.7 | 16.3 | 2.8 (1.1) | 46.8 | 0.54 |
| Attractive buildings/homes | 39.8 | 41.9 | 9.7 | 8.6 | 3.1 (0.9) | 51.1 | 0.64 |
| Neighborhood safety | 0.69,b 0.64c | ||||||
| Too much traffic to walk along the street where you live | 7.5 | 14.0 | 17.2 | 61.3 | 1.7 (1.0) | 52.8 | 0.59 |
| Too much traffic to walk along the nearby street | 9.7 | 15.1 | 17.2 | 58.1 | 1.8 (1.0) | 45.1 | 0.46 |
| Slow traffic speed on the street where you live | 48.4 | 24.7 | 12.9 | 14.0 | 3.1 (1.1) | 39.1 | 0.34 |
| Slow traffic speed on the nearby street | 36.6 | 28.0 | 18.3 | 17.2 | 2.8 (1.1) | 41.8 | 0.39 |
| Streets well lit at night | 35.5 | 32.3 | 9.7 | 22.6 | 2.8 (1.2) | 48.8 | 0.44 |
| Most drivers exceed the posted speed limit while driving in the neighborhood | 35.9 | 23.9 | 20.7 | 19.6 | 2.8 (1.1) | 49.5 | 0.56 |
| Walkers/bikers visible in the neighborhood | 46.2 | 35.2 | 6.6 | 12.1 | 3.2 (1.0) | 51.7 | 0.57 |
| Crosswalks/pedestrian signals to help crossing busy streets | 33.3 | 18.3 | 7.5 | 40.9 | 2.4 (1.3) | 49.6 | 0.56 |
| Crosswalks help walkers feel safe crossing busy street | 27.2 | 23.9 | 8.7 | 40.2 | 2.4 (1.3) | 53.5 | 0.61 |
| Lots of exhaust fumes when walking | 4.3 | 18.3 | 18.3 | 59.1 | 1.7 (0.9) | 59.1 | 0.63 |
| Greet people while walking | 48.9 | 35.9 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 3.3 (0.9) | 56.6 | 0.44 |
| High crime rate in the neighborhood | 6.5 | 6.5 | 20.7 | 66.3 | 1.5 (0.9) | 63.1 | 0.61 |
| Unsafe walking during the day because of crime rate | 0.0 | 5.4 | 22.6 | 72.0 | 1.3 (0.6) | 61.3 | 0.31 |
| Unsafe walking at night due to crime rate | 12.0 | 13.0 | 16.3 | 58.7 | 1.8 (1.1) | 59.7 | 0.69 |
| Safe for a kid to walk around the block alone during the day | 55.9 | 26.9 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 3.3 (1.0) | 56.9 | 0.49 |
| Neighborhood satisfaction | 0.65 | ||||||
| Acceptance of Statements | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | Strongly Agree, % | Agree, % | Slightly Agree, % | Neither Agree nor Disagree, % | Slightly Disagree, % | Disagree, % | Strongly Disagree, % | Mean (SD) | Observed Agreement, % | ICC |
| Note: ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient. | ||||||||||
| aWeighted by the following formula: (1 × single-family detached) + (12 × row houses/townhouses 1–3 stories) + (10 × apartments/condos 1–3 stories) + (25 × apartments/condos 4–6 stories) + (50 × apartments/condos 7–12 stories) + (75 × apartments/condos ≥ 13 stories). | ||||||||||
| bFor traffic section within the Neighborhood safety domain. | ||||||||||
| cFor crime section within the Neighborhood safety domain. | ||||||||||
| Freeway access from home | 32.3 | 25.8 | 12.9 | 16.1 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 6.5 | 5.3 (1.7) | 32.4 | 0.50 |
| Access to the bus/trolley system | 22.6 | 24.7 | 6.5 | 19.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 22.6 | 4.5 (2.2) | 43.6 | 0.61 |
| Commuting time to work/school | 46.2 | 24.7 | 9.7 | 7.5 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 5.4 | 5.7 (1.7) | 46.4 | 0.44 |
| Access to shopping | 36.6 | 28.0 | 11.8 | 1.1 | 8.6 | 4.3 | 9.7 | 5.3 (2.0) | 39.8 | 0.51 |
| Number of neighborhood friends | 37.6 | 30.1 | 14.0 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 5.5 (1.8) | 45.2 | 0.63 |
| ANumber of neighborhood acquaintances | 40.9 | 34.4 | 10.8 | 4.3 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 6.5 | 5.8 (1.7) | 43.1 | 0.52 |
| How easy/pleasant to walk in the neighborhood | 50.5 | 29.0 | 8.6 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 5.4 | 6.0 (1.6) | 45.2 | 0.67 |
| How easy/pleasant to bike in the neighborhood | 41.9 | 29.0 | 8.6 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.6 (1.8) | 43.1 | 0.56 |
| Neighborhood a good place to raise children | 55.9 | 20.4 | 7.5 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 6.5 | 5.4 | 5.9 (1.8) | 49.6 | 0.69 |
| Neighborhood a good place to live | 65.6 | 20.4 | 5.4 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 6.3 (1.4) | 57.0 | 0.73 |