TABLE 1—
Selected Sample Characteristics, According to Dental Care Group: Washington State PRAMS Study, 2000
| No Dental Problem/Received Care | No Dental Problem/No Care | Had Dental Problem/Received Care | Had Dental Problem/No Care | |||||
| Characteristic | Sample (n = 374), No. (%) | Weighted Distribution, %a | Sample (n = 659), No. (%) | Weighted Distribution, %a | Sample (n = 312), No. (%) | Weighted Distribution, %a | Sample (n = 168), No. (%) | Weighted Distribution, %a |
| Maternal age, y | ||||||||
| < 20 | 37 (10) | 6 | 78 (12) | 10 | 44 (14) | 13 | 24 (14) | 11 |
| 20–24 | 56 (15) | 10 | 178 (27) | 23 | 84 (27) | 28 | 63 (38) | 41 |
| 25–29 | 108 (29) | 34 | 190 (29) | 31 | 73 (23) | 23 | 35 (21) | 21 |
| 30–34 | 99 (26) | 30 | 139 (21) | 23 | 69 (22) | 21 | 34 (20) | 20 |
| ≥ 35 | 74 (20) | 20 | 74 (11) | 13 | 42 (14) | 15 | 12 (7) | 7 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 285 (76) | 84 | 413 (63) | 71 | 181 (58) | 65 | 81 (48) | 59 |
| Unmarried | 89 (24) | 16 | 244 (37) | 28 | 127 (41) | 33 | 86 (51) | 40 |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 | 2 (0) | 1 | 4 (1) | 2 | 1 (1) | 1 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 160 (43) | 82 | 150 (23) | 63 | 67 (22) | 59 | 42 (25) | 70 |
| Hispanic | 45 (12) | 7 | 126 (19) | 16 | 79 (25) | 22 | 26 (15) | 14 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 76 (20) | 6 | 152 (23) | 10 | 58 (19) | 8 | 28 (17) | 7 |
| Black | 46 (12) | 2 | 109 (17) | 5 | 51 (16) | 4 | 34 (20) | 6 |
| American Indian | 43 (12) | 1 | 115 (17) | 3 | 53 (17) | 3 | 38 (23) | 3 |
| Unknown | 4 (1) | 2 | 7 (1) | 3 | 4 (1) | 4 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Maternal education, y | ||||||||
| < 12 | 33 (9) | 5 | 141 (22) | 18 | 78 (25) | 20 | 29 (17) | 13 |
| 12 | 69 (18) | 17 | 180 (27) | 27 | 87 (28) | 24 | 67 (40) | 46 |
| > 12 | 246 (66) | 72 | 273 (41) | 49 | 110 (35) | 45 | 57 (34) | 34 |
| Unknown | 26 (7) | 6 | 65 (10) | 6 | 37 (12) | 11 | 15 (9) | 7 |
| Washington income, $ (monthly) | ||||||||
| < 1200 | 49 (13) | 11 | 168 (26) | 22 | 96 (31) | 25 | 75 (45) | 38 |
| 1200–2099 | 59 (16) | 12 | 173 (26) | 24 | 96 (31) | 31 | 41 (24) | 24 |
| 2100–2999 | 48 (13) | 13 | 83 (12) | 14 | 31 (10) | 14 | 19 (11) | 18 |
| ≥ 3000 | 218 (58) | 64 | 235 (36) | 40 | 89 (28) | 30 | 33 (20) | 20 |
| WIC participation | ||||||||
| Yes | 116 (31) | 21 | 347 (53) | 44 | 199 (64) | 51 | 105 (63) | 62 |
| No | 255 (68) | 78 | 304 (46) | 55 | 110 (35) | 48 | 61 (36) | 37 |
| Unknown | 3 (1) | 1 | 8 (1) | 1 | 3 (1) | 1 | 2 (1) | 1 |
| Prenatal care payer | ||||||||
| Insurance/HMO | 77 (20) | 79 | 236 (36) | 60 | 148 (47) | 46 | 78 (46) | 52 |
| Medicaid | 260 (70) | 14 | 337 (51) | 28 | 118 (38) | 40 | 64 (38) | 35 |
| Self-pay | 7 (2) | 1 | 9 (1) | 2 | 4 (1) | 1 | 1 (1) | 1 |
| Military | 12 (3) | 3 | 26 (4) | 3 | 8 (3) | 4 | 6 (4) | 3 |
| Other | 15 (4) | 3 | 32 (5) | 5 | 22 (7) | 7 | 13 (8) | 6 |
| Unknown | 3 (1) | 0 | 19 (3) | 2 | 12 (4) | 2 | 6 (3) | 3 |
| Trimester prenatal care initiated | ||||||||
| First | 308 (82) | 83 | 461 (70) | 71 | 220 (71) | 75 | 118 (70) | 79 |
| Second or third | 40 (11) | 11 | 131 (20) | 20 | 54 (17) | 13 | 38 (23) | 16 |
| No care | 0 (0) | 0 | 3 (0) | 0 | 2 (1) | 1 | 3 (2) | 1 |
| Unknown | 26 (7) | 6 | 64 (10) | 9 | 36 (11) | 11 | 9 (5) | 4 |
| Prenatal care site | ||||||||
| Private physician’s office/HMO clinic | 243 (65) | 76 | 338 (51) | 63 | 134 (43) | 56 | 80 (47) | 60 |
| Hospital clinic | 69 (19) | 12 | 136 (21) | 15 | 83 (27) | 19 | 40 (24) | 15 |
| Health department clinic | 20 (5) | 3 | 61 (9) | 5 | 36 (12) | 8 | 20 (12) | 10 |
| Community or migrant health center | 10 (3) | 1 | 23 (4) | 3 | 14 (4) | 3 | 5 (3) | 3 |
| Other | 28 (7) | 8 | 82 (12) | 12 | 33 (10) | 12 | 18 (11) | 9 |
| Unknown | 4 (1) | 0 | 19 (3) | 2 | 12 (4) | 2 | 5 (3) | 3 |
| Counseled on oral health care | ||||||||
| Yes | 294 (79) | 79 | 112 (17) | 15 | 245 (79) | 80 | 27 (16) | 14 |
| No | 79 (21) | 20 | 545 (83) | 85 | 63 (20) | 19 | 140 (83) | 86 |
| Unknown | 1 (0) | 1 | 2 (0) | 0 | 4 (1) | 1 | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Parity | ||||||||
| 1 | 182 (49) | 45 | 270 (41) | 41 | 117 (38) | 34 | 59 (35) | 33 |
| ≥ 2 | 192 (51) | 55 | 389 (59) | 59 | 195 (62) | 66 | 109 (65) | 67 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 21 (6) | 4 | 42 (6) | 5 | 20 (6) | 6 | 13 (8) | 6 |
| 18.5–24.9 (normal) | 245 (65) | 66 | 310 (47) | 48 | 153 (49) | 54 | 80 (48) | 47 |
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 57 (15) | 16 | 153 (23) | 25 | 70 (23) | 20 | 33 (19) | 21 |
| ≥ 30.0 (obese) | 51 (14) | 14 | 154 (24) | 22 | 69 (22) | 20 | 42 (25) | 26 |
| Smoked before pregnancy | ||||||||
| Yes | 46 (12) | 13 | 124 (19) | 22 | 63 (20) | 22 | 55 (33) | 38 |
| No | 324 (87) | 87 | 520 (79) | 75 | 239 (77) | 72 | 109 (65) | 60 |
| Unknown | 4 (1) | 0 | 15 (2) | 3 | 10 (3) | 6 | 4 (2) | 2 |
| Smoked during last | ||||||||
| 3 months of pregnancy | ||||||||
| No | 356 (95) | 96 | 593 (90) | 85 | 278 (89) | 89 | 133 (79) | 78 |
| Yes | 16 (4) | 4 | 61 (9) | 14 | 31 (10) | 10 | 34 (20) | 22 |
| Unknown | 2 (1) | 0 | 5 (1) | 1 | 3 (1) | 1 | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Ever smoked | ||||||||
| Yes | 17 (5) | 4 | 63 (10) | 14 | 33 (11) | 10 | 34 (20) | 22 |
| No | 356 (95) | 96 | 593 (90) | 86 | 278 (89) | 89 | 133 (79) | 78 |
| Unknown | 1 (0) | 0 | 3 (0) | 0 | 1 (0) | 1 | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Birthweight, g | ||||||||
| < 2500 | 20 (6) | 3 | 52 (8) | 6 | 8 (3) | 3 | 10 (6) | 8 |
| ≥ 2500 | 349 (93) | 96 | 604 (92) | 93 | 304 (97) | 97 | 158 (94) | 92 |
| Unknown | 5 (1) | 1 | 3 (0) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Estimated gestational age, wk | ||||||||
| < 37 | 28 (7) | 5 | 58 (9) | 8 | 20 (7) | 7 | 11 (6) | 12 |
| ≥ 37 | 339 (91) | 92 | 586 (89) | 91 | 285 (91) | 91 | 151 (90) | 86 |
| Unknown | 7 (2) | 3 | 15 (2) | 1 | 7 (2) | 2 | 6 (4) | 2 |
Note. Of the 1592 respondents, 1513 (95%) had information available on dental care use during pregnancy. WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
aDistribution of the characteristic among the survey respondents, weighted to account for sampling design, survey nonresponse, and sampling frame noncoverage.