TABLE 2—
Subgroup Differences in Odds Ratios Among Hispanic Patients for Access to Medical and Dental Care, After Control for All Independent Variables and CD4 Cell Count
| Odds Ratios (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Poor Access to Carea | No Usual Source of Care at Time of HIV Diagnosis | 3 Ambulatory Visits in 6 Mo | ≥ 1 Emergency Department Visit(s) Without Associated Hospital Stay | Low Ratings of Quality of Careb | No Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy by December 1996 | No Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy by Second Survey | No Usual Source of Dental Care | Difficulty Obtaining Needed Dental Care | |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Female | 0.53 (0.31, 0.90)* | 0.33 (0.19, 0.60)* | 0.39 (0.19, 0.80)* | 2.83 (1.12, 7.15)* | 1.36 (0.65, 2.86) | 1.04 (0.60, 1.79) | 2.20 (1.22, 3.99)* | 0.69 (0.35, 1.36) | 0.96 (0.53, 1.72) |
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age, y | |||||||||
| 18–30 | 1.67 (0.79, 3.51) | 2.29 (0.92, 5.68) | 0.67 (0.35, 1.32) | 1.98 (0.71, 5.50) | 1.24 (0.37, 4.15) | 1.77 (0.83, 3.79) | 1.49 (0.49, 4.49) | 1.28 (0.60, 2.77) | 1.23 (0.41, 3.65) |
| 31–40 | 1.33 (0.72, 2.43) | 1.36 (0.72, 2.56) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.55) | 1.15 (0.68, 1.93) | 1.15 (0.58, 2.27) | 1.60 (0.97, 2.64) | 1.16 (0.58, 2.35) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.76) | 2.22 (0.72, 6.84) |
| ≥ 41 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Education, y | |||||||||
| < 12 | 1.78 (0.92, 3.43) | 1.35 (0.72, 2.54) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.48) | 1.83 (0.82, 4.09) | 1.06 (0.66, 1.71) | 1.22 (0.75, 2.00) | 0.38 (0.15, 1.02) | 1.37 (0.71, 2.66) | 1.29 (0.78, 2.14) |
| ≥ 12 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Insurance status | |||||||||
| Uninsured | 2.24 (1.18, 4.25)* | 1.04 (0.49, 2.22) | 1.60 (0.93, 2.75) | 0.63 (0.38, 1.03) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any insurance | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.41, 1.39) | 0.94 (0.44, 2.01) | 0.91 (0.38, 2.18) | 1.17 (0.76, 1.82) | 0.92 (0.47, 1.81) |
| Exposure to HIV risk | |||||||||
| Injection drug use | 0.83 (0.44, 1.58) | 4.20 (1.72, 10.24)* | 1.46 (0.63, 3.38) | 1.04 (0.41, 2.63) | 2.05 (0.76, 5.55) | 1.68 (0.49, 5.84) | 1.86 (0.55, 6.34) | 0.99 (0.50, 1.94) | 1.58 (0.77, 3.27) |
| Heterosexual sex | 0.71 (0.29, 1.71) | 2.73 (1.11, 6.68)* | 2.96 (1.24, 7.09)* | 0.75 (0.25, 2.27) | 0.71 (0.30, 1.68) | 1.18 (0.51, 2.75) | 0.57 (0.23, 1.38) | 1.21 (0.60, 2.44) | 1.09 (0.47, 2.50) |
| Other | 1.20 (0.39, 3.72) | 1.89 (0.73, 4.92) | 2.18 (0.60, 7.84) | 0.59 (0.17, 2.09) | 1.08 (0.33, 3.54) | 2.23 (0.91, 5.43) | 0.58 (0.20, 1.69) | 2.59 (1.03, 6.48)* | 2.65 (0.82, 8.52) |
| Male-to-male sex | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Region | |||||||||
| Northeast | 1.91 (0.86, 4.21) | 0.53 (0.25, 1.09) | 1.38 (0.66, 2.88) | 0.86 (0.42, 1.77) | 0.97 (0.45, 2.12) | 2.00 (0.86, 4.60) | 2.33 (1.01, 5.36)* | 0.89 (0.52, 1.54) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.47) |
| Midwest | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| South | 2.56 (1.24, 5.30)* | 1.90 (0.66, 5.51) | 0.94 (0.45, 1.94) | 1.32 (0.58, 2.97) | 0.49 (0.34, 0.72)* | 1.33 (0.63, 2.83) | 0.60 (0.30, 1.19) | 1.27 (0.77, 2.10) | 2.42 (1.02, 5.76)* |
| West | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Acculturation | |||||||||
| Less acculturated | 1.35 (0.75, 2.45) | 1.00 (0.43, 2.33) | 1.07 (0.60, 1.92) | 1.24 (0.69, 2.21) | 1.35 (0.72, 2.55) | 2.11 (0.90, 4.96) | 1.03 (0.49, 2.17) | 1.33 (0.70, 2.54) | 2.01 (1.15, 3.53)* |
| More acculturated | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Survey language | |||||||||
| Spanish | 1.91 (0.80, 4.54) | 1.14 (0.40, 3.26) | 1.42 (0.47, 4.32) | 0.57 (0.15, 2.19) | 1.38 (0.58, 3.27) | 1.22 (0.34, 4.39) | 1.71 (0.32, 9.21) | 1.21 (0.48, 3.06) | 0.77 (0.14, 4.07) |
| English | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| US citizenship | |||||||||
| Noncitizen | 1.13 (0.63, 2.03) | 2.10 (0.84, 5.26) | 0.92 (0.51, 1.66) | 0.89 (0.31, 2.55) | 1.06 (0.58, 1.93) | 1.16 (0.44, 3.09) | 0.60 (0.21, 1.69) | 0.46 (0.24, 0.91)* | 1.42 (0.73, 2.78) |
| Citizen | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| CD4 cell count, mm3 | |||||||||
| 0–49 | 1.54 (0.45, 5.23) | 1.27 (0.64, 2.56) | 1.65 (0.75, 3.64) | 0.89 (0.42, 1.87) | 0.90 (0.29, 2.79) | 0.24 (0.11, 0.53)* | 0.20 (0.08, 0.51)* | 1.04 (0.47, 2.34) | 2.93 (0.67, 12.85) |
| 50–199 | 1.66 (0.54, 5.07) | 1.08 (0.57, 2.05) | 2.55 (0.67, 9.68) | 0.88 (0.36, 2.12) | 1.28 (0.53, 3.07) | 0.32 (0.14, 0.74)* | 0.35 (0.12, 1.02) | 1.11 (0.39, 3.19) | 3.09 (0.62, 15.48) |
| 200–499 | 1.68 (0.76, 3.74) | 0.96 (0.41, 2.26) | 3.06 (1.19, 7.88)* | 0.72 (0.32, 1.63) | 1.83 (0.64, 5.23) | 0.85 (0.44, 1.65) | 0.70 (0.34, 1.44) | 1.17 (0.46, 2.96) | 1.69 (0.47, 6.07) |
| ≥ 500 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Note. CI = confidence interval.
aPoor access to care indicated by a score ≤ 75 on 0–100 scale.
bLow ratings of quality care indicated by a score < 5 on 1–5 scale.
*P < .05.