TABLE 2—
Bivariate and Multivariate Associations Among Depressive Symptoms, AIDS-Related Mortality, and Confounding Factors Among HIV-Positive Women (N = 1569)
| Variable | Met Criteria for Clinical Depression, No. (%) | Bivariate Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Multivariate Odds Ratioa (95% CI) |
| Stage of illness | |||
| Teminal (n = 147) | 76 (52) | 2.3 (1.6, 3.3) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.7) |
| Not terminal (n = 1422) | 451 (32) | Reference | |
| Mental health service utilization | |||
| Used services during study (n = 1085) | 418 (39) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 2.2 (1.6, 2.9) |
| No service use (n = 484) | 109 (23) | Reference | |
| Baseline CD4 cell count | |||
| < 200 (n = 361) | 142 (40) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
| 200–500 (n = 720) | 232 (32) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
| > 500 (n = 439) | 136 (31) | Reference | |
| Baseline viral load | |||
| ≤ 4000 (n = 502) | 143 (28) | Reference | |
| > 4000 (n = 1046) | 374 (36) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) |
| Baseline HIV symptoms | |||
| 0 (n = 666) | 132 (20) | Reference | |
| ≥1 (n = 900) | 395 (44) | 3.3 (2.6, 4.0) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.0) |
| Categorized antiretroviral therapy use during study | |||
| Other (n = 490) | 186 (38) | Reference | |
| Monotherapy ≥ 12 mos (n = 77) | 41 (53) | 1.8 (1.1, 3.0) | 1.8 (1.0, 3.2) |
| Non-HAART combination antiretroviral therapy ≥ 12 mos (n = 203) | 66 (33) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
| HAART ≥ 12 mos (n = 799) | 234 (29) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) |
| Adherence to HIV treatment regimen | |||
| Adherence reported at every visit (n = 684) | 207 (30) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
| Nonadherence at ≥ 1 visit (n = 882) | 320 (37) | Reference | |
| Crack, cocaine, heroin use during study | |||
| Any use (n = 599) | 248 (42) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
| No use (n = 970) | 279 (29) | Reference | |
| Baseline age, y | |||
| < 30 (n = 318) | 78 (24) | Reference | |
| 30–39 (n = 769) | 274 (36) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) |
| 40–49 (n = 405) | 154 (38) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) |
| 50–59 (n = 59) | 21 (36) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.1) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) |
| ≥ 60 (n = 9) | 0 (0) | 0.2 (0.0, 115.6) | 0.1 (0.0, 2942.0) |
| Employment status | |||
| Not employed (n = 1201) | 454 (38) | Reference | |
| Employed (n = 367) | 73 (20) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) |
| Education | |||
| At least high school or equivalent (n = 1000) | 300 (30) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
| Less than high school (n = 569) | 227 (40) | Reference | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/living as married (n = 587) | 186 (32) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) |
| Single (n = 982) | 341 (35) | Reference | |
| Residential status | |||
| Living in own home (n = 1096) | 344 (32) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) |
| Living elsewhere (n = 473) | 183 (39) | Reference | |
| Income status | |||
| < $12 000/year (n = 996) | 386 (39) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.4) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.8) |
| ≥ $12 000/year (n = 573) | 141 (25) | Reference | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| African American (n = 865) | 295 (34) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) |
| Hispanic/Latina (n = 381) | 143 (38) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
| Other (n = 323) | 89 (28) | Reference | |
Note. N = respondents with 3 or more study visits; CI = confidence interval; HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy.
aOdds estimates were calculated from the logistic regression model, which associated each variable with depression while the effects of all other variables in the table and the study site were controlled.