TABLE 1—

Descriptive Statistics for Environmental Risk Exposure Among Low- and Middle-Income Children in Rural Upstate New York

	Low Income		Middle Income
Environmental Risk	Mean (SD)	Percent at Risk	Mean (SD)	Percent at Risk
Crowding (people/room)	.69 (.21)	18	.50 (.12)	8
Housing problems (0–2)	.71 (.30)	21	.42 (.20)	1
Noise (Leq dBA)	64.97 (7.18)	25	61.45 (7.41)	9
Cumulative environmental risks
0		53		86
1		31		11
≥ 2		16		3
Level of cumulative risk exposure (SD)	.66 (.75)		.18 (.45)

Note. Environmental risk is defined categorically (0, 1) as exposure to > 1 SD above the mean for the entire sample for each respective risk factor (crowding, noise, housing quality). Cumulative environmental risk is the sum (0–3) of these 3 environmental risk factors. Because of the small number of children exposed to 2 environmental risk factors, exposure to 2 and 3 environmental risks is collapsed into 1 group (≥ 2).