TABLE 2—
Cumulative Environmental Risk, by Chronic Physiological Stress Index: Means (SD), β (SE) as if Last Entered, and ΔR2for Cumulative Environmental Risk After Control for Income-to-Needs Ratio, Single-Parent Status, Mother’s Education, and Child Age and Gender
| Mean (SD) | ||||
| Income Level | 0 (0–1 Risk) | 1 (≥ 2 Risks) | β(SE) | ΔR2 |
| Cortisol (μ g/mg creatinine) | ||||
| Poverty | .030 (.023) | .047 (.044) | .021* (.007) | .07 |
| Middle-income | .023 (.013) | .025 (.012) | .000 (.010) | .00 |
| Epinephrine (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| Poverty | 4.71 (4.29) | 8.07 (7.76) | 3.61* (1.22) | .07 |
| Middle-income | 3.74 (3.17) | 1.42 (0.54) | –2.08 (1.76) | .02 |
| Norepinephrine (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| Poverty | 29.01 (17.99) | 48.75 (36.49) | 22.05* (5.46) | .12 |
| Middle-income | 32.02 (15.67) | 25.40 (8.28) | –8.14 (9.22) | .01 |
Note. Because most of the impact of cumulative risk was associated with the category of ≥ 2 environmental risks, cumulative risk was fitted as a dichotomous variable (0 = 0–1 risk; 1 = ≥ 2 risks) in the regression analyses.
*P < .01.