TABLE 3—
Maternal Lifetime Exposure to Interpersonal Racial Discrimination and Infant Birthweight by Selected Characteristics
| Reported Racial Discrimination Incidents in ≥1 Domains (vs No Reported Discrimination) | Reported Racial Discrimination Incidents in ≥3 Domains (vs No Reported Discrimination) | |||||||
| Percentage (No.) VLBW n = 104 | Percentage (No.) NLBW n = 208 | OR | 95% CI | Percentage (No.) VLBW n = 104 | Percentage (No.) NLBW n = 208 | OR | 95% CI | |
| Maternal age, y | ||||||||
| < 20 | 50 (14) | 44 (27) | 1.3 | 0.5, 3.2 | 13 (2) | 15 (6) | 0.8 | 0.2, 4.6 |
| 20–24 | 62 (16) | 32 (20) | 3.4 | 1.3, 8.9 | 33 (5) | 4 (2) | 10.8 | 1.8, 63.6 |
| 25–29 | 60 (12) | 40 (17) | 2.2 | 0.7, 6.5 | 43 (6) | 14 (4) | 4.7 | 1.1, 20.9 |
| ≥30 | 52 (15) | 49 (17) | 1.1 | 0.4, 3.0 | 33 (7) | 18 (4) | 2.3 | 0.5, 9.2 |
| Education, y | ||||||||
| < 12 | 39 (12) | 34 (26) | 1.2 | 0.5, 2.9 | 14 (3) | 7 (4) | 2.0 | 0.4, 9.8 |
| 12 | 53 (18) | 39 (30) | 1.8 | 0.8, 4.0 | 24 (5) | 15 (8) | 1.8 | 0.5, 6.4 |
| > 12 | 75 (27) | 52 (24) | 2.8 | 1.1, 7.1 | 57 (12) | 15 (4) | 7.3 | 1.9, 28.9 |
| Married | 64 (14) | 55 (17) | 1.4 | 0.5, 4.4 | 56 (10) | 22 (4) | 4.4 | 1.0, 18.6 |
| Living together | 73 (8) | 31 (11) | 6.1 | 1.3, 27.3 | 25 (1) | 11 (3) | 2.8 | 0.2, 36.0 |
| Not together | 48 (29) | 39 (52) | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.6 | 16 (6) | 10 (9) | 1.7 | 0.6, 5.2 |
| Income quartile, $a | ||||||||
| 1: < 5000 | 40 (8) | 29 (9) | 1.6 | 0.5 , 5.3 | 8 (1) | 4 (1) | 1.8 | 0.1, 32.0 |
| 2: 5000–15 999 | 75 (12) | 39 (12) | 4.8 | 1.2 , 18.2 | 50 (4) | 14 (3) | 6.3 | 1.0, 40.1 |
| 3: 16 000–30 999 | 47 (9) | 48 (12) | 1.0 | 0.3 , 3.2 | 29 (4) | 13 (2) | 2.6 | 0.4, 17.1 |
| 4: ≥31 000 | 69 (11) | 80 (16) | 0.6 | 0.1 , 2.5 | 55 (6) | 56 (5) | 1.0 | 0.2, 5.6 |
| Payment method | ||||||||
| Medicaid | 50 (29) | 37 (51) | 1.7 | 0.9 , 3.2 | 22 (8) | 11 (10) | 2.4 | 0.9, 6.7 |
| Other payment | 64 (23) | 45 (29) | 2.1 | 0.9 , 4.9 | 38 (8) | 13 (5) | 4.3 | 1.2, 15.6 |
| Prenatal care | ||||||||
| Earlyb | 52 (37) | 42 (53) | 1.5 | 0.8, 2.7 | 28 (13) | 14 (12) | 1.7 | 1.0, 5.7 |
| Late or none | 63 (20) | 37 (30) | 2.8 | 1.2, 6.6 | 37 (7) | 9 (5) | 3.1 | 1.5, 6.2 |
| Pregnancies, No. | ||||||||
| 1–3 | 60 (53) | 40 (68) | 2.2 | 1.3, 3.8 | 32 (17) | 13 (15) | 3.2 | 1.5, 7.2 |
| ≥4 | 36 (5) | 42 (13) | 0.8 | 0.2, 2.8 | 25 (3) | 5 (1) | 6.0 | 0.5, 66.2 |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||||
| Smoker | 52 (16) | 30 (13) | 2.5 | 0.9, 6.4 | 21 (4) | 14 (5) | 1.6 | 0.4, 6.8 |
| Nonsmoker | 57 (41) | 43 (70) | 1.8 | 1.0, 3.1 | 34 (16) | 11 (12) | 4.0 | 1.7, 9.4 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Yes | 68 (13) | 34 (11) | 4.1 | 1.2, 13.9 | 40 (4) | 9 (2) | 7.0 | 1.0, 48.0 |
| No | 52 (44) | 41 (72) | 1.6 | 0.9, 2.7 | 29 (16) | 13 (15) | 2.8 | 1.3, 6.1 |
Note. VLBW = very low birthweight; NLBW = non–low-birthweight; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
a Forty-three percent are missing data for household income.
b Defined as initiation in the first trimester.