Skip to main content
. 2005 Feb;95(2):224–232. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.037705

TABLE 2—

Social Anatomy of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Violence: Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Waves 1–3, Age Cohorts 9–18a

Model 1,Coefficient (SE) Model 2,Coefficient (SE) Model 3,Coefficient (SE) Model 4,Coefficient (SE) Model 5,Coefficient (SE)
Intercept −1.178 (0.036)** −1.022 (0.360)** −1.033 (0.356)** −1.020 (0.361)** −1.023 (0.043)**
Race/ethnicity
    Black 0.614 (0.043)** 0.528 (0.044)** 0.401 (0.046)** 0.368 (0.047)** 0.247 (0.087)**
    Mexican American −0.101 (0.042)* 0.123 (0.052)* 0.066 (0.056) 0.065 (0.055) 0.034 (0.058)
    Puerto Rican/other Latino 0.229 (0.063)** 0.228 (0.124) 0.116 (0.117) 0.100 (0.113) 0.074 (0.115)
    Other race 0.190 (0.095)* 0.287 (0.093)** 0.236 (0.088)** 0.210 (0.089)* 0.139 (0.105)
Gender/age
    Male 0.495 (0.030)** 0.501 (0.030)** 0.520 (0.029)** 0.502 (0.029)** 0.507 (0.032)**
    Linear ageb 0.060 (0.004)** 0.065 (0.004)** 0.069 (0.004)** 0.059 (0.005)** 0.060 (0.005)**
    Quadratic agec −0.020 (0.002)** −0.020 (0.002)** −0.020 (0.001)** −0.022 (0.001)** −0.022 (0.001)**
Immigrant status
    1st-generation immigrant −0.636 (0.052)** −0.644 (0.056)** −0.588 (0.056)** −0.585 (0.057)**
    Puerto Rican/other Latinod 0.588 (0.189)** 0.539 (0.180)** 0.449 (0.170)** 0.455 (0.145)**
    2nd-generation immigrant −0.266 (0.049)** −0.234 (0.049)** −0.248 (0.049)** −0.242 (0.053)**
    Puerto Rican/other Latinoe 0.129 (0.144) 0.111 (0.138) 0.101 (0.135) 0.104 (0.116)
Family structure
    2 parents, both biological −0.055 (0.056) −0.029 (0.056) −0.030 (0.057)
    2 parents, 1/both not biological 0.020 (0.048) 0.023 (0.047) 0.021 (0.049)
    1 parent, not biological −0.032 (0.081) −0.045 (0.082) −0.050 (0.078)
    Married parents −0.215 (0.050)** −0.203 (0.050)** −0.204 (0.049)**
    Adult extended family 0.020 (0.037) 0.013 (0.037) 0.008 (0.032)
    No. of children 0.002 (0.009) 0.001 (0.009) −0.001 (0.009)
SES/residential context
    SES −0.019 (0.014) −0.014 (0.014) −0.014 (0.015)
    Years at same address −0.015 (0.003)** −0.014 (0.003)** −0.016 (0.004)**
Individual differences
    Verbal/reading ability −0.004 (0.001)** −0.004 (0.002)*
    1st-generation immigrantf 0.017 (0.003)** 0.016 (0.003)**
    2nd-generation immigrantg 0.009 (0.002)** 0.009 (0.002)**
    Impulsivity/hyperactivity 0.280 (0.025)** 0.281 (0.025)**
Neighborhood characteristics
    % African Americanh 0.224 (0.106)*
    % Mexican Americanh 0.093 (0.108)
    % Puerto Rican/other Latinoh 0.026 (0.174)
    % other raceh 0.375 (0.255)

Note. SES = socioeconomic status. Coefficients are derived from equation 2 in “Statistical Methods” section.

an = 58 700 item responses (level 1), 2925 persons (level 2), 180 census tracts (level 3).

bLinear age is defined as the mean age of each subject averaged over 3 waves of data collection.

cQuadratic age is defined as the square of linear age.

d Interaction between first-generation immigrant and Puerto Rican/other Latino.

eInteraction between second-generation immigrant and Puerto Rican/other Latino.

f Interaction between verbal/reading ability and first-generation immigrant.

g Interaction between verbal/reading ability and second-generation immigrant.

h Coefficients and standard errors have been multiplied by 100.

* P < .05; **P < .01.