TABLE 2—
Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Traumatic Events, by Region and Gender
| Southwest | Northern Plains | |||||||
| Male. (SM; n = 574) | Female (SF; n = 775) | Male (NM; n = 756) | Female (NF; n = 824) | |||||
| % (99% CI) | Differencea | % (99% CI) | Differencea | % (99% CI) | Differencea | % (99% CI) | Differencea | |
| Noninterpersonal trauma | 25.2 (20.7, 30.2) | SF, NM | 16.1 (12.9, 19.8) | SM, NM, NF | 36.4 (31.8, 41.3) | SM, SF, NF | 24.8 (20.9, 29.2) | SF, NM |
| Victim of disaster (i.e., flood, tornado, fire, drought, explosion) | 10.8 (7.9, 14.7) | NM | 8.9 (6.6, 12.1) | NM | 18.6 (15.1, 22.8) | SM, SF | 14.4 (11.3, 18.1) | |
| Victim of life-threatening accident | 18.2 (14.3, 22.8) | SF, NM | 9.2 (6.8, 12.3) | SM, NM | 27.3 (23.1, 32.0) | SM, SF, NF | 15.2 (12.0, 18.9) | NM |
| Interpersonal trauma | 25.5 (21.1, 30.6) | SF, NF | 40.2 (35.7, 45.0) | SM, NM | 31.0 (26.6, 35.7) | SF, NF | 41.9 (37.3, 46.6) | SM, NM |
| Served in direct combat | 3.6 (2.1, 6.1) | SF, NF | 0.0b (0.0, 1.9b) | SM, NM | 5.4 (3.7, 7.8) | SF, NF | 0.2 (0.0, 0.9) | SM, NM |
| Raped | 2.4 (1.2, 4.7) | SF, NF | 12.8 (9.8, 16.4) | SM, NM | 1.4 (0.6, 3.3) | SF, NF | 14.4 (11.4, 18.1) | SM, NM |
| Molested | 2.6 (1.3, 5.1) | SF, NF | 8.0 (5.7, 11.0) | SM, NM | 1.6 (0.7, 3.7) | SF, NF | 7.6 (5.4, 10.6) | SM, NM |
| Physically abused/hurt by parent/caregiver | 6.5 (4.2, 9.8) | 7.6 (5.4, 10.7) | 6.0 (4.1, 8.7) | 10.8 (8.1, 14.1) | ||||
| Physically abused/hurt by spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend | 3.6 (2.0, 6.4) | SF, NM, NF | 28.9 (24.9, 33.4) | SM, NM | 9.2 (6.7, 12.5) | SM, SF, NF | 31.0 (26.8, 35.6) | SM, NM |
| Physically abused/hurt by someone other than spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend | 4.8 (2.9, 7.8) | 8.5 (6.2, 11.7) | 7.4 (5.3, 10.4) | 8.1 (5.8, 11.3) | ||||
| Robbed, mugged, physically attacked (not including sexual attacks) | 15.0 (11.5, 19.4) | SF, NF | 4.0 (2.5, 6.3) | SM, NM | 16.8 (13.4, 20.8) | SF, NF | 7.4 (5.2, 10.5) | SM, NM |
| Witness to trauma | 46.7 (41.3, 52.1) | 46.3 (41.6, 51.0) | 51.9 (47.0, 56.8) | 51.7 (46.9, 56.4) | ||||
| Witnessed violence between family members | 29.5 (24.8, 34.7) | NF | 37.8 (33.3, 42.5) | 33.3 (28.8, 38.1) | 41.7 (37.1, 46.5) | SM | ||
| Witnessed others raped, injured, or killed (other than situations already described) | 9.6 (6.8, 13.4) | 4.7 (3.0, 7.2) | NM | 11.5 (8.6, 15.2) | SF | 6.1 (4.1, 8.8) | ||
| Witnessed serious accident or disaster where someone was badly hurt or killed | 30.8 (26.0, 36.1) | SF | 18.4 (15.0, 22.4) | SM, NM | 37.1 (32.4, 42.0) | SF, NF | 23.9 (20.1, 28.2) | NM |
| Trauma to someone close | 30.3 (25.5, 35.6) | 30.6 (26.4, 35.2) | 31.0 (26.7, 35.7) | 38.5 (34.0, 43.3) | ||||
| Someone close in life-threatening situation | 17.1 (13.4, 21.7) | 13.3 (10.4, 16.9) | 18.0 (14.5, 22.1) | 16.2 (12.9, 20.0) | ||||
| Someone close raped/sexually abused | 7.5 (5.1, 11.0) | NF | 12.4 (9.5, 15.9) | 8.0 (5.7, 11.1) | NF | 17.3 (14.0, 21.3) | SM, NM | |
| Family member or someone close commited suicide | 12.7 (9.5, 16.8) | 14.0 (11.0, 17.6) | 15.3 (12.1, 19.3) | 18.6 (15.2, 22.5) | ||||
| Other traumatic experiences | 1.8 (0.8, 4.0) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) | 2.2 (1.1, 4.5) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.8) | ||||
| Any type of trauma | 62.4 (56.9, 67.5) | 66.2 (61.7, 70.5) | 67.2 (62.4, 71.6) | 69.8 (65.3, 73.9) | ||||
Note. CI = confidence interval. Sample sizes are unweighted.
aEntries denote significant pairwise comparisons (P < .01).
bNo Southwest female tribal members reported combat exposure. As a means of calculating confidence intervals, 1 case was temporarily assigned as having involved combat exposure.