TABLE 1—
Lifetime Pathological Gambling, by Demographic and Clinical Characteristicsa
| Lifetime Pathological Gambling | |||
| Absent (n = 1135) | Present (n = 93) | Statistics | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| US geographic region, no. (%) | χ2 = 0.000; P = 1.00 | ||
| Southwest | 414 (92) | 34 (8) | |
| North central | 721 (92) | 59 (8) | |
| Ethnicity, no. (%) | χ2 = 12.455; P < .001 | ||
| American Indian | 647 (90) | 71 (10) | |
| Hispanic American | 488 (96) | 22 (4) | |
| Gender, no. (%) | χ2 = 1.237; P = .28 | ||
| Male | 924 (92) | 79 (8) | |
| Female | 111 (89) | 14 (11) | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 47.2 (14.2) | 48.5 (10.3) | Z = 1.625; P = .10 |
| Age by deciles, y | χ24 = 14.763; P < .005 | ||
| 20–29 | 111 (97) | 4 (3) | |
| 30–39 | 268 (96) | 12 (4) | |
| 40–49 | 301 (89) | 37 (11) | |
| 50–59 | 214 (91) | 21 (9) | |
| ≥ 60 | 216 (94) | 13 (6) | |
| Missing data | 25 | 6 | |
| Education, no. (%) | χ23 = 4.895; P = .18 | ||
| Not a high school graduate | 329 (94) | 21 (6) | |
| High school graduate | 335 (94) | 21 (6) | |
| High school + some college | 323 (91) | 34 (9) | |
| College graduate | 126 (91) | 12 (9) | |
| Missing data | 22 | 5 | |
| Marital status, no. (%) | χ22 = 0.454; P = .80 | ||
| Single | 347 (93) | 25 (7) | |
| Married, common law | 406 (93) | 31 (7) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 359 (92) | 31 (8) | |
| Missing data | 23 | 6 | |
| Employment status, no. (%) | χ24 = 4.593; P = .33 | ||
| Full-time | 360 (92) | 32 (8) | |
| Part-time, episodic | 155 (93) | 12 (7) | |
| Student, parent, retired | 202 (95) | 11 (5) | |
| Disabled | 139 (90) | 16 (10) | |
| Unemployed | 263 (94) | 17 (6) | |
| Missing data | 16 | 5 | |
| Residence, no. (%) | χ24 = 3.365; P = .50 | ||
| Family | 604 (92) | 50 (8) | |
| Friend | 123 (95) | 7 (5) | |
| Alone | 274 (92) | 23 (8) | |
| Institutionb | 29 (100) | 0 (0) | |
| Homeless | 87 (92) | 8 (8) | |
| Missing data | 16 | 5 | |
| Rural/urban residence, no. (%) | χ2 = 0.000; P = 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 556 (93) | 43 (7) | |
| Urban | 518 (93) | 40 (7) | |
| Missing data | 61 | 10 | |
| Combat status, no. (%) | χ2 = 0.925; P = .34 | ||
| Absent | 828 (93) | 30 (9) | |
| Present | 307 (91) | 63 (7) | |
| Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses | |||
| Any other Axis I disorder, no. (%) | χ2 = 27.820; P < .001 | ||
| Absent | 610 (96) | 23 (4) | |
| Present | 525 (88) | 70 (12) | |
| Any substance disorder, no. (%) | χ2 = 22.782; P < .001 | ||
| Absent | 761 (95) | 39 (5) | |
| Present | 374 (87) | 54 (13) | |
| Any anxiety disorder, no. (%) | χ2 = 17.392; P < .001 | ||
| Absent | 844 (94) | 50 (6) | |
| Present | 291 (87) | 43 (13) | |
| Any mood disorder, no. (%) | χ2 = 22.789; P < .001 | ||
| Absent | 1014 (94) | 67 (6) | |
| Present | 121 (82) | 26 (18) | |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder, no. (%) | χ2 = 22.862; P < .001 | ||
| Absent | 999 (94) | 65 (6) | |
| Present | 136 (83) | 28 (17) | |
| Antisocial personality disorder, no. (%) | χ2 = 40.119; P < .001 | ||
| Absent | 1036 (94) | 65 (6) | |
| Present | 99 (78) | 28 (22) | |
| Self-rated clinical scales | |||
| Brief Symptom Index (current) | Z = 4.711; P < .001 | ||
| Mean score (SD) | 57.9 (18.3) | 67.3 (22.7) | |
| (Missing data) | (14) | (5) | |
| Michigan Assessment Screening Test/Alcohol–Drug (lifetime) | Z = 4.932; P < .001 | ||
| Mean score (SD) | 32.1 (45.3) | 52.1 (50.0) | |
| (Missing data) | (15) | (5) | |
| Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (current) | Z = 3.819; P < .001 | ||
| Mean score (SD) | 29.1 (15.6) | 36.2 (19.4) | |
| (Missing data) | (15) | (5) | |
aPercentages read across the page, with rows summing to 100%.
bThis category consisted of homes for the elderly, halfway houses, and state veterans’ homes.