TABLE 1—
Characteristics of the Study Sample: San Francisco, California, April 1999
| Overall Sample No. (%)(N = 1325) | Never Imprisoned No. (%)(n = 1019) | Ever Imprisoned No. (%)(n = 306) | Pa | |
| Age, y | ||||
| < 30 | 69 (5.3) | 62 (6.2) | 7 (2.3) | .05 |
| 30–39 | 319 (24.3) | 245 (24.3) | 74 (24.2) | |
| 40–49 | 559 (42.5) | 428 (42.5) | 131 (42.8) | |
| ≥ 50 | 367 (27.9) | 273 (27.1) | 94 (30.7) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 990 (74.9) | 728 (71.7) | 262 (85.6) | <.001 |
| Female | 332 (25.1) | 288 (28.4) | 44 (14.4) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Latino White | 530 (40.2) | 410 (40.4) | 120 (39.3) | .81 |
| Black | 580 (43.9) | 446 (43.9) | 134 (43.9) | |
| Latino | 81 (6.1) | 58 (5.7) | 23 (7.5) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 31 (2.4) | 25 (2.5) | 6 (2.0) | |
| Other | 98 (7.7) | 76 (7.5) | 22 (7.2) | |
| Education | ||||
| < High School | 368 (27.9) | 265 (26.1) | 103 (33.8) | .011 |
| High school graduate | 483 (36.6) | 371 (36.5) | 112 (36.7) | |
| > High school | 470 (35.6) | 380 (37.4) | 90 (29.5) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married/partnered | 711 (53.8) | 553 (54.5) | 158 (51.6) | .04 |
| Married/partnered | 93 (7.0) | 60 (5.9) | 33 (10.8) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 517 (39.1) | 402 (39.6) | 115 (37.6) | |
| Gay or bisexual | 364 (27.7) | 296 (29.3) | 68 (22.3) | .02 |
| Men who have sex with menb | 280 (28.5) | 233 (32.3) | 47 (18.0) | <.001 |
| Women who have sex with womenc | 82 (24.9) | 61 (21.3) | 21 (47.7) | <.001 |
| No. of sex partners (lifetime) | ||||
| 0–100 sexual partners | 1044 (79.7) | 818 (81.4) | 226 (74.1) | .01 |
| Menb | 759 (77.3) | 563 (78.2) | 196 (74.8) | .26 |
| Womenc | 284 (87.4) | 254 (90.1) | 30 (69.8) | <.001 |
| > 100 sexual partners | 266 (20.3) | 187 (18.6) | 79 (25.9) | <.01 |
| Menb | 223 (22.7) | 157 (21.8) | 66 (25.2) | .26 |
| Womenc | 41 (12.6) | 28 (9.9) | 13 (30.2) | <.001 |
| Housing status | ||||
| Marginally housed (past year)d | 575 (43.4) | 449 (44.1) | 126 (41.2) | .37 |
| Homeless (ever) | 1148 (86.7) | 879 (86.4) | 269 (87.9) | .48 |
| Income (monthly) | ||||
| Median | 610 (355–780) | 600 (355–770) | 672 (364–780) | |
| Health status | ||||
| Fair or poor pealth | 500 (37.7) | 361 (35.4) | 139 (45.4) | .002 |
| HIV infection | 147 (11.2) | 102 (10.1) | 45 (14.9) | .02 |
| Mental health | ||||
| Psychiatric hospitalization (lifetime) | 341 (25.8) | 250 (24.6) | 91 (29.7) | .07 |
| Psychiatric hospitalization (past year) | 110 (8.4) | 81 (8.0) | 29 (9.5) | .41 |
| Substance use (lifetime) | ||||
| Illicit drug use | 1116 (84.4) | 832 (81.7) | 284 (93.1) | <.001 |
| Injection drug use | 604 (45.8) | 424 (41.8) | 180 (59.4) | <.001 |
| Powder or crack cocaine use | 1024 (77.4) | 757 (74.4) | 267 (87.5) | <.001 |
| Methamphetamine use | 692 (52.3) | 496 (48.8) | 196 (64.3) | <.001 |
| Heroin use | 595 (45.0) | 410 (40.3) | 185 (60.7) | <.001 |
| Drinking probleme (ever) | 580 (44.0) | 438 (43.1) | 142 (47.0) | .23 |
| Substance use (past year) | ||||
| Illegal drug use | 791 (59.7) | 578 (56.7) | 213 (69.6) | <.001 |
| Injection drug use | 367 (27.7) | 247 (24.2) | 120 (39.2) | <.001 |
| Powder or crack cocaine use | 675 (51.0) | 495 (48.6) | 180 (59.0) | .001 |
| Methamphetamine use | 247 (18.7) | 174 (17.1) | 73 (23.9) | <.01 |
| Heroin use | 304 (23.0) | 199 (19.6) | 105 (34.4) | <.001 |
| Alcohol probleme (past year) | 315 (23.9) | 246 (24.3) | 69 (22.7) | 0.57 |
| Income from selling drugs (past 30 days) | 56 (4.3) | 27 (2.7) | 29 (9.6) | <.001 |
aP = comparison between never imprisoned and ever imprisoned.
bDenominator = total number of men (n = 990).
cDenominator = total number of women (n = 332).
dSpent more than 90% of noninstitutionalized nights in a residential hotel, apartment, or private home.
eSelf–reported.