TABLE 1—
Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors of Mothers
| Prenatal Plus Withdrawals Before Delivery n (%) | Prenatal Plus Deliverers n (%) | All Births in Colorado, 2002 | Prenatal Plus Withdrawals vs Prenatal Plus Deliverers P | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Aged ≤ 19 y | 346 (29) | 727 (31) | 11%a | NS |
| Not married | 852 (75) | 1740 (74) | 25%a | NS |
| Education < 12 y | 504 (56) | 1281 (54) | 22%a | NS |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White non-Hispanic | 519 (44) | 1032 (43) | 61%a | NS |
| Hispanic | 546 (46) | 1091 (46) | 30%a | NS |
| Black | 76 (6) | 165 (7) | 4%a | NS |
| Other/unknown | 51 (5) | 89 (4) | 5%a | NS |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Smoking b | 540 (45) | 1025 (43) | 20%c | NS |
| Inadequate prenatal weight gaind | 539 (45) | 1345 (57) | 25%e | .001 |
| Psychosocial problems f | 789 (66) | 1919 (81) | NA | .001 |
| Inadequate weight gain and psychosocial problems g | 431 (36) | 1126 (47) | NA | .001 |
| Smoking and inadequate weight gain g | 261 (22) | 567 (24) | NA | NS |
| Smoking and psychosocial problems | 411 (34) | 823 (35) | NA | NS |
| Smoking, inadequate weight gain, and psychosocial problems g | 228 (19) | 486 (20) | NA | NS |
| Total | 1192 (100) | 2377 (100) | 68 420 | |
Note. NA = not available; NS = not significant at P <. 05. Risk groups are not mutually exclusive. All women who were at risk for smoking were grouped under “Smoking.” If they were also at risk for inadequate weight gain, they were grouped under the “Smoking and inadequate weight gain” group as well. Furthermore, if they were also at psychosocial risk they were included in the “Smoking, inadequate weight gain, and psychosocial” group.
aBirth certificate data.
bBased on self-report. Smoking risk was defined as the participant reporting smoking during pregnancy any time after conception, including before pregnancy confirmation.
cDate from Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2002), 3 months before pregnancy.
dInadequate prenatal weight gain was defined as weight gain during the current pregnancy that is below the appropriate weight gain grid line, any weight loss below pregravid weight, or weight loss ≥ 2 lb in the second or third trimester.
eData from Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2002).
fPsychosocial risk was defined as experiencing significant or severe stress as a result of personal/family safety needs, lack of support systems, or an inability to meet basic needs. Examples of psychosocial risk include, but are not limited to the following: domestic violence; sexual assault; child abuse/neglect; lack of food, clothing or shelter; lack of transportation; lack of family/biological father’s support/involvement; or diagnosable mental illness.
g This combination of risks includes women who met the definition of all of the risk factors listed. Women may appear in more than one row of the table; categories are not mutually exclusive.