. 2005 May;170(1):335–344. doi: 10.1534/genetics.104.039511

TABLE 1.

The λ_max-values for the visual pigments in ungulates and carnivores

	Absorption spectrum (nm)
Species	RH1	SWS1	M/LWS	Reference
Bovine (Bos taurus)	—	455	554	Jacobs et al. (1998)^a
500	—	—	Oprian et al. (1987)^a
Horse (Equus caballus)	—	428	539	Carroll et al. (2001)^a
—	—	545	Yokoyama and Radlwimmer (1999)^b
Pig (Sus domestica)	—	439	556	Neitz and Jacobs (1989)^a
Goat (Capra hircus)	—	444	552	Jacobs et al. (1998)^a
—	—	553	Radlwimmer and Yokoyama (1997)^b
Sheep (Ovis aries)	—	446	552	Jacobs et al. (1998)^a
Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)	497	456	537	Jacobs et al. (1994)^a
—	—	531	Yokoyama and Radlwimmer (1999)^b
Deer (Dama dama)	—	454	542	Jacobs et al. (1994)^a
Cat (Felis catus)	—	447	554	Loop et al. (1987)^a
—	—	553	Yokoyama and Radlwimmer (1999)^b
Dog (Canis familiaris)	508	431	555	Jacobs et al. (1993)^a
Fox (Urocyon littoralis)	—	432	555	Jacobs et al. (1993)^a
Fox (Vulpes vulpes)	—	438	555	Jacobs et al. (1993)^a

^{^a}

The λ_max-values were measured by using an electroretinogram.

^{^b}

The λ_max-values were measured by using an in vitro assay (e.g., Yokoyama 2000b).