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The probability of enhancer subfunctionalization as a function of effective population size. The ratio of nonfunctionalizing mutations to all mutations in the top curve (diamonds) is μc/(2μr + μc) = 0.25 and in the bottom curve (squares) is μc/(2μr + μc) = 0.75 and the total rate of mutation per enhancer is (2μr + μc) = 0.00001. Solid lines (slightly deleterious) and dotted lines (neutral) represent approximations to enhancer subfunctionalization derived in the appendix.
