TABLE 3—
Socioeconomic and Cultural Characteristics and Potential Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors of Lifetime and Past Year Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as Reported With Univariate Regression Analyses (N = 600)
| Descriptive Statistics | Lifetime IP V OR (95% CI) | Past Year IP V OR (95% CI) | |
| Financial control | |||
| Income spending, n (%) | |||
| Self-choice or give part to partner | 568 (94.7) | reference | reference |
| Give all to partner | 32 (5.3) | 1.26 (0.55, 2.89) | 1.21 (0.49, 3.02) |
| Management of income, n (%) | |||
| Respondent | 163 (27.2) | reference | reference |
| Partner or parents-in-law | 76 (12.7) | 1.92 (0.99, 3.73) | 1.52 (0.77, 2.99) |
| Independently | 99 (16.5) | 1.34 (0.74, 2.44) | 1.69 (0.91, 3.14) |
| Together | 262 (43.7) | 0.65* (0.43, 0.90) | 0.59* (0.37, 0.96) |
| Refused a job because of partner, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 128 (21.3) | 2.43* (1.63, 3.62) | 2.53* (1.67, 3.83) |
| No | 472 (78.7) | reference | reference |
| Money taken away by partner, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 61 (10.2) | 6.45* (3.35, 12.41) | 5.03* (2.90, 8.71) |
| No | 539 (89.8) | reference | reference |
| Partner refuses to give money, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 57 (9.5) | 9.78* (4.54, 21.11) | 4.33* (2.47, 7.57) |
| No | 543 (90.5) | reference | reference |
| Status inconsistency | |||
| Respondent’s education in comparison to partner’s, n (%) | |||
| Higher than partner | 114 (19.0) | 1.57* (1.02, 2.43) | 1.35 (0.84, 2.18) |
| Same as partner | 199 (33.2) | 1.16 (0.80, 1.67) | 0.91 (0.60, 1.38) |
| Lower than partner | 287 (47.8) | reference | reference |
| Respondent’s income in comparison to partner’s, n (%) | |||
| Higher than partner | 77 (12.8) | 1.15 (0.66, 2.00) | 1.43 (0.79, 2.58) |
| Same as partner | 367 (61.7) | reference | reference |
| Lower than partner | 151 (25.4) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.16) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.36) |
| Respondent’s job status in comparison to partner’s, n (%) | |||
| Higher than partner | 55 (9.2) | 0.70 (0.38, 1.30) | 0.82 (0.40, 1.67) |
| Same as partner | 272 (45.3) | 1.28 (0.91, 1.79) | 1.39 (0.95, 2.03) |
| Lower than partner | 273 (45.5) | reference | reference |
| Domestic authority | |||
| A good wife obeys her husband, n (%) | |||
| Disagree | 453 (75.5) | reference | reference |
| Agree | 147 (24.5) | 1.38 (0.95, 2.00) | 1.19 (0.79, 1.80) |
| It is important for a man to show his wife who is the boss, n (%) | |||
| Disagree | 395 (65.8) | reference | reference |
| Agree | 205 (34.2) | 1.76* (1.25, 2.48) | 1.50* (1.02, 2.18) |
| Women are unable to choose their own friends, n (%) | |||
| Disagree | 425 (70.8) | reference | reference |
| Agree | 175 (29.2) | 1.21 (0.85, 1.72) | 1.02 (0.68, 1.52) |
| It is a wife’s obligation to have sexual intercourse with her husband, n (%) | |||
| Disagree | 370 (61.7) | reference | reference |
| Agree | 230 (38.3) | 1.83* (1.31, 2.56) | 1.73* (1.19, 2.50) |
| Family privacy norm | |||
| Family problems should be discussed only in the family, n (%) | |||
| Disagree | 179 (29.8) | reference | reference |
| Agree | 421 (70.2) | 0.62* (0.43, 0.88) | 0.56* (0.38, 0.83) |
| Outsiders should not interfere if a man mistreats his wife, n (%) | |||
| Disagree | 398 (66.3) | reference | reference |
| Agree | 202 (33.7) | 1.06 (0.75, 1.48) | 1.07 (0.73, 1.57) |
| Wife-beating cultural attitudes scale,a mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.1) | 1.46* (1.25, 1.71) | 1.40* (1.20, 1.63) |
| Cultural attitudes on female role in sexual relations,a mean (SD) | 0.6 (1.0) | 1.17* (1.00, 1.37) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) |
| Noncommunication,a mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.25* (1.11, 1.41) | 1.21* (1.06, 1.38) |
| Controlling or mental abuse,b mean (SD) | 2.4 (2.4) | 1.57* (1.44, 1.71) | 1.35* (1.26, 1.44) |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
aRange from 0 (no problem) to 4 (problematic).
bRange from 0 (no control) to 13 (worst control).
*Statistically significant (P < .05) ORs.