Table 1.
Body masses and encephalization quotients for modern and Pleistocene Homo
| Sample | Temporal period, B.P. | Body mass, kg |
EQ of pooled sex |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled sex, mean ± SD (n) | Females, mean ± SD (n) | Associated specimens, mean ± SD (n) | Sample means | ||
| Modern, all | — | 58.2 ± 7.1* (51) | 54.7 ± 5.7* (23) | — | 5.288 |
| Modern, higher latitude | — | 61.2 ± 6.7* (24) | 57.2 ± 5.7* (13) | 5.349 ± 0.555† (29) | — |
| Late Upper Palaeolithic | 10–21,000 | 62.9 ± 7.6 (71) | 57.0 ± 5.9 (23) | 5.479 ± 0.352 (18) | 5.406 |
| Early Upper Palaeolithic | 21–35,000 | 66.6 ± 7.5 (33) | 59.6 ± 6.4 (7) | 5.467 ± 0.449 (10) | 5.352 |
| Late archaic Homo sp. | 36–75,000 | 76.0 ± 5.8 (17) | 67.2 ± 0.4 (2) | 4.984 ± 0.467 (8) | 4.781 |
| Skhul-Qafzeh | 90,000 | 66.6 ± 7.0 (10) | 58.4 ± 4.4 (3) | 5.369 ± 0.166 (4) | 5.293 |
| Early Late Pleistocene | 100–150,000 | 67.7 ± 7.6 (10) | 65.4 ± 5.5 (6) | 4.682 (1) | 4.732 |
| Late Middle Pleistocene | 200–300,000 | 65.6 ± 12.3 (6) | 54.1 (1) | — | 4.198 |
| Jinniushan | 260,000 | 78.6 | 4.150 | — | |
| Middle Middle Pleistocene | 400–550,000 | 71.2 ± 11.3 (11) | 64.6 ± 3.3 (2) | — | 3.770 |
| Late Early to early Middle Pleistocene | 600–1,150,000 | 58.0 ± 7.4 (3) | 66.6 (1) | — | 3.400 |
| Early Pleistocene | 1,200–1,800,000 | 61.8 ± 8.9 (5) | — | 3.064 (1) | 3.458 |
Data are from ref. 1, except for Jinniushan and additional body masses for Atapuerca specimens (Atapuerca specimens also moved to middle Middle Pleistocene period; see text). Body mass for Atapuerca Pelvis 1 was derived as the mean of the mean estimate given in ref. 35 based on estimated stature and biliac breadth (94.2 kg) and that derived from acetabular breadth by using the same technique described in the text for Jinniushan (78.7 kg), i.e., 86.4 kg. Body masses for five other Atapuerca specimens are based on published acetabular breadths (35): AT-800, 75.1 kg; AT-835, 77.5 kg; AT-2350, 75.1 kg; Coxal I, 66.9 kg; AT-1004, 62.2 kg. The first four specimens were judged to be males, and the second two were judged to be females (35).
*Means and SDs of sex/population means, not individuals (see ref. 4).
†Pecos Pueblo (see ref. 1).