TABLE 3.
Mycotoxin-related illnesses postulated to affect animals and humansa
| Toxin | Principal fungus | Primary disease |
|---|---|---|
| Probable or definite agents | ||
| Ergot alkaloids | Cladosporium purpurea | Ergotism (gangrenous and convulsive) |
| Aflatoxins | Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus | Aflatoxicosis, hepatitis, liver cancer, childhood cirrhosis |
| Trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, DAS)b | Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Cephalosporium spp. | ATA, stachybotryotoxicosis, others?b |
| Zearalenone | Fusarium spp. | Premature thelarchec |
| Vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol | F. graminearum | Anorexiac |
| Ochratoxin | Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium viridicatum | BEN, urinary tract tumors |
| Sterigmatocystin | Aspergillus versicolar | Cancerc |
| Ergovaline | Acremonium coenophialum | Fescuec |
| Amatoxins | Toxic mushrooms | Mushroom poisoning |
| Possible agents | ||
| Aflatoxin | Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus | Immunosuppressionc |
| Fusarium metabolites | Fusarium spp. | Akakabi-byo disease |
| Fusarium metabolites | Fusarium spp. | Onyalai disease |
| Fusarium metabolites | Fusarium equiseti | Kashin-Beck disease |
| Fumonisins | Fusarium moniliforme | Esophageal cancer, equine leukomalacia |
| 3-Nitropropionic acid | Arthrinium spp. | Pediatric neurotoxicity |
| Cyclopiazonic acid | Aspergillus, Penicillium | Kodua poisoning |
| Penitrem | Aspergillus, Penicillium | Tremors |
| Citrinin | Penicillium citrinin | Renal damagec |
| Rubratoxin | Penicillium rubrum | Hepatoxicityc |
| Secalonic acid D | Penicillium oxalicum | Teratogenicc |
| Patulin | Penicillium expansum | Tumorsc |
| Unlikely or wrong agents | ||
| Cyclosporins | Various species | AIDS |
| Gliotoxins | Aspergillus, Trichoderma spp. | AIDS |
| Zearalenone | Fusarium spp. | Cervical cancer |
| Citreoviridin | Penicillium spp. | Cardiac beriberi |
| T-2 toxin | Fusarium spp. | Pellagra |
| Aflatoxin | Aspergillus spp. | Reye's syndrome, kwashiorkor |