Figure 2.

Value of the average modifier frequency change over time Δx_i, scaled to the modifier effect (dr = 0.03) for three values of the migration rate m indicated on the graph. Lines indicate the values obtained from recursion (21) for three loci and dots indicate the results of simulations with 95% confidence intervals averaged over 10⁷ sweeps. Other parameters are n = 5, 2N = 10,000, r_jk = r_ij = s_j = s_k = 0.1, an initial beneficial allele frequency of 0.01, and an initial modifier frequency x_i = 0.5.