TABLE 1.

Species distribution and estimated integration time of HERV-K elements

HERV-K	Chromosomal positiona	Most distant species in which provirus was foundb	Mutation rate (substitutions/ site/yr) (×10−9)	Average divergence between LTRs	Estimated integration time (MYA)	Date of last common ancestor (MYA)c
4q32	166274445–166281673	Chimpanzee	4.49 ± 0.8	0.038	7.2–10.5	6
HERV-K(II) (chromosome 3)	102893427–102902549	Gorilla	2.64 ± 0.5	0.017	4.9–5.9	7
12q24	132277472–132283414	Gorilla	4.17 ± 0.1	0.021	6.6–9.8	7
10p14	6906147–6915609	Gorilla	3.82 ± 0.6	0.040	9.0–12.6	7
19p13.11A	22549664–22556401	Gorilla	4.40 ± 0.9	0.054	10.3–15.4	7
22q11	22204481–22215171	Gorilla	3.63 ± 0.7	0.11	28.6–38.9	7
9q34.3	136950603–136960065	Orangutan	5.66 ± 0.4	0.067	11.1–12.7	14
3p25	9864346–9871236	Orangutan	4.10 ± 0.8	0.066	13.4–19.8	14
1q23	163306258–163311916	Orangutan	3.73 ± 0.2	0.062	15.9–17.3	14
19p13.11B	20248400–20258515	Orangutan	4.26 ± 0.1	0.12	26.4–28.1	14
11q12	61892539–61907139	Gibbon	3.41 ± 0.3	0.065	17.5–21.0	18
19q13.1	42289389–42298906	Gibbon	2.48 ± 0.7	0.066	21.0–36.3	18
6p22	28758347–28768714	Gibbon	2.69 ± 0.3	0.076	25.0–32.4	18
20q11	32179289–32188037	OWM	3.51 ± 0.6	0.053	12.8–18.3	25
6p21	42969390–42979344	OWM	3.14 ± 0.9	0.030	7.4–13.1	25

^aNucleotide position based on May 2004 UCSC genome assembly (http://genome.cse.ucsc.edu/).

^bBased on the ability to PCR amplify the HERV element in each species. Not all species contained both LTRs of the listed element. Attempts to amplify preintegration sites or solo LTRs from more distant species were unsuccessful.

^cDate of the last common ancestor of the lineage leading to humans and the most divergent species in which the provirus was found (Goodman et al. 1998).