Table 6.
Crude and adjusted effect estimates of socioeconomic and demographic, quality of life, and health-related factors on seeking in the past 12 months (1) any DC vs. GP care only and (2) DC only vs. both GP and DC care: Results from logistic regression analyses among U.S. respondents from the Joint Canada/US Survey of Health, 2002–03
| Any DC vs. GP Care Only (n = 4160) | DC Only vs. GP+DC Care (n = 595) | ||||||||||
| Adjusted effect estimates | Adjusted effect estimates | ||||||||||
| Variable | Category | Crude OR | Model 1* OR | 95% CI | Model 2† OR | 95% CI | Crude OR | Model 1* OR | 95% CI | Model 2† OR | 95% CI |
| Age (Years) | 18–44 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 45–64 | 1.07 | 1.00 | (0.81, 1.24) | 1.04 | (0.83, 1.32) | 0.53 | 0.57 | (0.32, 1.04) | 0.66 | (0.36, 1.21) | |
| ≥ 65 | 0.62 | 0.57 | (0.44, 0.76) | 0.73 | (0.50, 1.07) | 0.32 | 0.35 | (0.16, 0.81) | 0.61 | (0.20, 1.84) | |
| Per 10 years | 0.90 | 0.90 | (0.90, 1.00) | 1.00 | (0.90, 1.11) | 0.73 | 0.82 | (0.67, 0.90) | 0.90 | (0.74, 1.11) | |
| Sex | Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Male | 0.93 | 0.91 | (0.74, 1.11) | 0.93 | (0.76, 1.15) | 1.40 | 1.36 | (0.80, 2.32) | 1.34 | (0.78, 2.32) | |
| Race/ethnicity | White only | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Other/multiple | 0.54 | 0.51 | (0.39, 0.68) | 0.50 | (0.37, 0.67) | 1.74 | 1.57 | (0.78, 3.16) | 0.97 | (0.48, 1.98) | |
| Education | No H.S. degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| H.S. degree | 1.30 | 1.01 | (0.68, 1.50) | 1.05 | (0.68, 1.62) | 0.87 | 0.84 | (0.31, 2.27) | 1.26 | (0.38, 4.17) | |
| Some college | 1.31 | 1.01 | (0.65, 1.57) | 1.13 | (0.70, 1.80) | 1.18 | 1.12 | (0.39, 3.23) | 1.83 | (0.50, 6.68) | |
| 4-year degree | 1.41 | 1.02 | (0.68, 1.51) | 1.11 | (0.72, 1.71) | 0.51 | 0.49 | (0.18, 1.34) | 0.87 | (0.25, 3.02) | |
| Marital status | Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Was married | 0.86 | 0.97 | (0.75, 1.25) | 0.97 | (0.74, 1.28) | 0.96 | 1.12 | (0.57, 2.20) | 0.96 | (0.48, 1.92) | |
| Single | 0.85 | 0.81 | (0.61, 1.09) | 0.85 | (0.63, 1.15) | 1.30 | 1.06 | (0.52, 2.17) | 1.05 | (0.48, 2.30) | |
| Income (adjusted for household size) | Highest quint. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Upper middle | 1.01 | 1.02 | (0.73, 1.43) | 1.00 | (0.71, 1.40) | 0.94 | 0.97 | (0.38, 2.51) | 0.93 | (0.36, 2.40) | |
| Middle | 0.84 | 0.91 | (0.64, 1.29) | 0.89 | (0.62, 1.27) | 0.96 | 0.96 | (0.39, 2.37) | 0.82 | (0.31, 2.14) | |
| Lower middle | 0.90 | 1.04 | (0.73, 1.48) | 1.00 | (0.69, 1.46) | 0.95 | 1.02 | (0.39, 2.65) | 0.51 | (0.17, 1.55) | |
| Lowest quint. | 0.62 | 0.79 | (0.54, 1.17) | 0.72 | (0.46, 1.15) | 1.63 | 1.88 | (0.73, 4.83) | 1.43 | (0.49, 4.19) | |
| Main income source | Employment | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Other | 0.66 | 0.79 | (0.58, 1.07) | 0.78 | (0.57, 1.06) | 0.52 | 0.69 | (0.30, 1.55) | 0.73 | (0.26, 2.04) | |
| HUI | Per 0.1 unit | 1.02 | 1.00 | (0.95, 1.05) | 1.00 | (0.95, 1.05) | 1.01 | 0.99 | (0.89, 1.12) | 1.00 | (0.87, 1.14) |
| Self-rated health | Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Very good | 1.01 | 1.06 | (0.81, 1.37) | 1.04 | (0.80, 1.35) | 0.59 | 0.63 | (0.31, 1.26) | 0.72 | (0.35, 1.49) | |
| Good | 0.82 | 0.90 | (0.67, 1.19) | 0.92 | (0.68, 1.24) | 1.20 | 1.30 | (0.66, 2.54) | 1.01 | (0.48, 2.13) | |
| Fair or poor | 0.65 | 0.79 | (0.56, 1.13) | 0.70 | (0.45, 1.10) | 0.49 | 0.62 | (0.20, 1.88) | 0.69 | (0.20, 2.30) | |
| Depression (past year) | 1+ episodes | 1.34 | 1.30 | (0.95, 1.79) | 1.31 | (0.91, 1.90) | 1.02 | 0.99 | (0.43, 2.27) | 1.08 | (0.42, 2.75) |
| Mental health (past year) | 1+ visits | 1.29 | 1.19 | (0.91, 1.56) | 1.15 | (0.84, 1.56) | 0.42 | 0.45 | (0.16, 1.23) | 0.26 | (0.08, 0.82) |
| Emotional | Happy in life | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| problems | Not happy | 1.03 | 1.02 | (0.80, 1.30) | 0.93 | (0.69, 1.26) | 0.99 | 1.02 | (0.53, 1.98) | 0.60 | (0.26, 1.39) |
| Chronic conditions (lifetime history) | Asthma | 1.11 | 1.12 | (0.83, 1.50) | 1.12 | (0.83, 1.53) | 0.20 | 0.21 | (0.07, 0.58) | 0.21 | (0.07, 0.62) |
| Arthritis | 1.12 | 1.32 | (1.02, 1.69) | 1.38 | (1.05, 1.81) | 0.68 | 0.95 | (0.47, 1.92) | 1.12 | (0.52, 2.43) | |
| Hypertension | 0.66 | 0.73 | (0.56, 0.94) | 0.74 | (0.56, 0.98) | 0.12 | 0.13 | (0.04, 0.46) | 0.15 | (0.04, 0.55) | |
| Emphysema | 0.72 | 0.78 | (0.41, 1.49) | 0.80 | (0.38, 1.69) | 0.43 | 0.45 | (0.05, 3.79) | 0.59 | (0.06, 6.13) | |
| Diabetes | 0.57 | 0.71 | (0.46, 1.08) | 0.71 | (0.45, 1.11) | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |||
| Heart disease | 0.60 | 0.77 | (0.48, 1.23) | 0.83 | (0.50, 1.37) | 0.59 | 0.83 | (0.26, 2.63) | 1.14 | (0.37, 3.49) | |
| CHD | 0.66 | 0.90 | (0.44, 1.85) | 0.92 | (0.42, 1.99) | 0.25 | 0.30 | (0.03, 2.95) | 0.49 | (0.06, 4.25) | |
| Angina | 0.42 | 0.54 | (0.28, 1.03) | 0.57 | (0.28, 1.14) | 1.80 | 2.98 | (0.71, 12.47) | 4.09 | (0.92, 18.10) | |
| 1 or more | 0.83 | 0.93 | (0.74, 1.17) | 0.94 | (0.74, 1.19) | 0.33 | 0.38 | (0.20, 0.74) | 0.40 | (0.19, 0.82) | |
| Per condition | 0.88 | 0.94 | (0.86, 1.03) | 0.94 | (0.85, 1.05) | 0.50 | 0.53 | (0.36, 0.78) | 0.56 | (0.38, 0.83) | |
| Pain/activity limits | No pain | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Pain | 1.26 | 1.37 | (1.08, 1.72) | 1.70 | (1.24, 2.33) | 0.79 | 0.94 | (0.50, 1.78) | 1.12 | (0.53, 2.39) | |
| Activity restrictions | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Sometimes | 1.29 | 1.34 | (1.05, 1.69) | 1.39 | (1.07, 1.81) | 0.87 | 1.02 | (0.53, 1.95) | 0.94 | (0.47, 1.87) | |
| Often | 0.90 | 1.07 | (0.77, 1.49) | 1.19 | (0.77, 1.83) | 0.48 | 0.54 | (0.19, 1.58) | 0.50 | (0.16, 1.58) | |
| Back/neck problems | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Disabling | 1.99 | 2.14 | (1.62, 2.83) | 2.19 | (1.62, 2.96) | 0.72 | 0.75 | (0.34, 1.69) | 1.04 | (0.44, 2.43) | |
| Smoking status | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Past | 1.21 | 1.26 | (1.00, 1.60) | 1.25 | (0.98, 1.60) | 0.95 | 1.10 | (0.59, 2.04) | 1.32 | (0.68, 2.58) | |
| Current | 0.99 | 0.98 | (0.75, 1.28) | 0.97 | (0.73, 1.30) | 0.71 | 0.64 | (0.31, 1.35) | 0.68 | (0.32, 1.47) | |
| Body weight | Under/normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Overweight | 1.07 | 1.15 | (0.91, 1.46) | 1.16 | (0.91, 1.47) | 1.44 | 1.52 | (0.79, 2.94) | 1.64 | (0.82, 3.24) | |
| Obese | 1.16 | 1.30 | (1.00, 1.69) | 1.29 | (0.98, 1.69) | 0.84 | 0.85 | (0.41, 1.77) | 0.78 | (0.35, 1.73) | |
| Physical activity (past 3 months) | Active | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Moderate | 0.96 | 0.97 | (0.72, 1.32) | 1.03 | (0.75, 1.40) | 1.05 | 1.12 | (0.48, 2.62) | 1.02 | (0.42, 2.43) | |
| Inactive | 0.91 | 0.94 | (0.73, 1.21) | 0.93 | (0.71, 1.21) | 1.37 | 1.49 | (0.75, 2.98) | 1.21 | (0.60, 2.46) | |
| Activity frequency (past 3 months) | Regular | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Occasional | 1.12 | 1.13 | (0.87, 1.48) | 1.15 | (0.87, 1.52) | 0.68 | 0.67 | (0.30, 1.46) | 0.60 | (0.26, 1.39) | |
| Infrequent | 0.93 | 1.00 | (0.79, 1.27) | 0.97 | (0.74, 1.26) | 1.21 | 1.27 | (0.68, 2.35) | 1.11 | (0.57, 2.17) | |
| Hospitalization (past year) | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 1 or more | 0.87 | 0.86 | (0.63, 1.19) | 0.85 | (0.60, 1.21) | 0.38 | 0.45 | (0.16, 1.23) | 0.58 | (0.19, 1.70) | |
| Prescriptions (past month) | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 1 or more | 0.97 | 0.99 | (0.79, 1.25) | 1.04 | (0.82, 1.31) | 0.20 | 0.23 | (0.13, 0.42) | 0.23 | (0.12, 0.44) | |
| Medications (past 2 days) | Per medication | 0.94 | 0.95 | (0.89, 1.02) | 0.96 | (0.89, 1.03) | 0.50 | 0.53 | (0.38, 0.72) | 0.51 | (0.36, 0.70) |
| Insurance (past year) | Insured | 0.81 | 0.74 | (0.51, 1.07) | 0.73 | (0.49, 1.07) | 0.17 | 0.18 | (0.09, 0.38) | 0.21 | (0.10, 0.44) |
| Unmet needs (past year) | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 1.03 | 1.04 | (0.77, 1.40) | 0.99 | (0.70, 1.39) | 0.85 | 0.79 | (0.36, 1.73) | 0.61 | (0.21, 1.74) | |
| Regular doctor (past year) | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 0.60 | 0.61 | (0.45, 0.81) | 0.59 | (0.44, 0.81) | 0.09 | 0.10 | (0.05, 0.17) | 0.09 | (0.05, 0.18) | |
| Health care quality (past year) | Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Good | 0.94 | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.20) | 0.93 | (0.74, 1.16) | 1.40 | 1.40 | (0.79, 2.46) | 1.30 | (0.71, 2.38) | |
| Fair or poor | 0.95 | 1.00 | (0.72, 1.39) | 0.95 | (0.67, 1.35) | 1.17 | 1.11 | (0.47, 2.62) | 1.09 | (0.39, 3.04) | |
| Health care satisfaction (past year) | Very satisfied | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Somewhat sat. | 1.04 | 1.03 | (0.83, 1.29) | 0.96 | (0.77, 1.21) | 1.73 | 1.57 | (0.88, 2.80) | 1.31 | (0.70, 2.48) | |
| Not satisfied | 1.09 | 1.12 | (0.81, 1.56) | 1.03 | (0.73, 1.47) | 3.35 | 2.57 | (1.26, 5.23) | 2.83 | (1.26, 6.36) | |
| Quality of MD care (past year) | Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Good | 0.95 | 0.97 | (0.76, 1.24) | 0.94 | (0.73, 1.21) | 0.46 | 0.51 | (0.20, 1.27) | 0.56 | (0.20, 1.55) | |
| Fair or poor | 0.69 | 0.75 | (0.47, 1.21) | 0.71 | (0.43, 1.19) | 1.29 | 1.32 | (0.33, 5.27) | 1.58 | (0.32, 7.97) | |
| Satisfaction of MD care (past year) | Very satisfied | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Somewhat sat. | 0.84 | 0.83 | (0.63, 1.09) | 0.77 | (0.58, 1.03) | 1.89 | 1.70 | (0.68, 4.30) | 1.73 | (0.64, 4.68) | |
| Not satisfied | 0.83 | 0.81 | (0.48, 1.37) | 0.72 | (0.41, 1.29) | 1.26 | 1.09 | (0.23, 5.22) | 0.99 | (0.15, 6.27) | |
* Estimated effects adjusted for age (18–44, 45–64, 65+ years), sex, and race/ethnicity (white only, other/multiple races or ethnicities). † Estimated effects adjusted for age (18–44, 45–64, 65+ years), sex, race/ethnicity (white only, other/multiple races or ethnicities), education (no high school degree, high school degree or GED, some college, 4-year college degree or certificate), main source of income (employment, other sources), health-related quality of life (Health Utility Index score [continuous]), and health insurance status (insured in past 12 months, not insured in past 12 months).
‡ Odds ratio not shown because of singularities in data for fitting model.
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; GP = general practitioner or family doctor; DC = Doctor of Chiropractic; HUI = Health Utility Index; CHD = coronary heart disease; MD = medical doctor.