Rapamycin treatment significantly improves the renal cystic phenotype and kidney function in the bpk mouse model. Mutant (bpk/bpk) and control (bpk/+) mice received daily i.p. injections of rapamycin (5 or 1.67 mg/kg of body weight) starting at day 7 for a period of 14 days. (A–C) Representative low-power (Left) and high-power (Right) H&E-stained sections derived from non-rapamycin-treated (A) or rapamycin-treated (B) (5 mg/kg of body weight) bpk/bpk mutant and bpk/+ (C) animals. (D) Kidney weight expressed as a percentage of total body weight. (E) Cystic indices were calculated based on representative renal sections derived from non-rapamycin-treated and rapamycin-treated bpk/bpk mutant mice (n = 4 kidneys) as described in Materials and Methods. (F) Blood drawn from anesthetized animals was assayed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) according to standard procedures. [Scale bars, 3 mm (A–C, whole kidney H&E) and 200 μm (A–C, histology H&E).] ∗∗∗, P < 0.001; ∗∗, P < 0.01.