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. 2006 Mar 24;90(11):4145–4154. doi: 10.1529/biophysj.105.076612

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Schematic illustration of the excited-state dynamics of all-trans-α-carotene from de Weerd et al. (51) with some modifications. The indicated decay time constants of the relevant transient species were derived from the SVD-Global analyses (see text for details). Thicker solid arrow stands for optical excitation and configurational relaxation, thinner solid arrow for the S2(1Bu+) → S0(1Ag−) emissive transition, dashed arrows for internal conversion, and open arrows for the NIR transitions Sm ← S2(1Bu+). In this scheme, the initially populated S2(1Bu+) state in all-trans configuration (54 fs) relaxes rapidly into its twisted form (230 fs) and then internally converts to the twisted S1(2Ag−) (470 fs), which eventually relaxes into the relaxed S1(2Ag−) state (14.3 ps).