Figure 1.

Time course of the evolution of dispersal in populations of 10 demes with and without inbreeding load for three demic sizes N = 10, 50, and 100. The long-dashed horizontal line is the theoretically expected dispersal rate under kin competition avoidance (see Table 1). The short-dashed curve corresponds to the simulations performed without genetic load. The others are for the three different mutant effects: dotted line for s = 0.01, dashed-single-dotted line for s = 0.05, and plain line for lethal mutants (s = 1 and h = 0.02). The first two have dominance coefficient of h = 0.3. The dashed-double-dotted line is for very recessive mutations with s = 0.05 and h = 0.01. The other parameters are: genomic mutation rate U = 1 for all types of mutations, n_d = 10 demes, M = 1024 deleterious loci, mean fecundity f = 20, and cost of dispersal c = 0.2. Plotted values are the averages over 100 replicates. Note that in the first graph (N = 10), simulations crashed before 1000 generations for s = 0.01.