TABLE 1.

Bias and standard deviations (over 500 replicates, in parentheses) of maximum-likelihood estimates of two immigration parameters (m_s and m_p) in the seedling neighborhood model obtained from computer-simulated data sets for various combinations of m_s and m_p and two levels of genetic precision (i.e., where the exclusion probability was either 0.80 or 0.99)

Parameter values		Isozymes EP = 0.80			Microsatellites EP = 0.99
ms	mp			fa			fa
0.2	0.2	−0.0031 (0.0681)	−0.0017 (0.1240)	17	−0.0002 (0.0183)	−0.0006 (0.0203)	0
0.5	0.5	0.0018 (0.0842)	−0.0282 (0.2036)b	24	−0.0002 (0.0232)	0.0027 (0.0322)	0
0.8	0.8	−0.0030 (0.0850)	−0.1439 (0.4553)b	387	−0.0003 (0.0195)	−0.0012 (0.0404)	0
0.2	0.8	0.0016 (0.0777)	−0.0089 (0.1062)	17	0.0002 (0.0182)	0.0004 (0.0200)	0
0.3	0.7	0.0024 (0.0804)	−0.0167 (0.1292)b	11	−0.0001 (0.0211)	−0.0003 (0.0246)	0
0.4	0.6	0.0054 (0.0833)	−0.0069 (0.1609)	15	0.0002 (0.0227)	0.0010 (0.0286)	0
0.6	0.4	0.0021 (0.0847)	−0.0062 (0.2625)	109	0.0000 (0.0229)	−0.0019 (0.0361)	0
0.7	0.3	−0.0079 (0.0839)b	0.0081 (0.3503)	290	−0.0002 (0.0217)	0.0007 (0.0410)	0
0.8	0.2	−0.0246 (0.0848)b	0.0916 (0.5050)b	615	−0.0001 (0.0193)	−0.0019 (0.0492)	1
SE range of simulated bias		0.0030–0.0038	0.0047–0.0226		0.0008–0.0010	0.0009–0.0022

m_s is the probability that a seedling is the result of seed dispersed from a distant female (outside the neighborhood of the seedling). m_p is the probability that a seedling is the result of pollination by a distant male (outside the neighborhood of the female parent). In this case, it was assumed that s = γ = β = 0. See text for details.

^aNumber of times the estimation procedure failed to converge to biologically reasonable estimates of reproductive parameters is shown. Simulations of data sets were continued until 500 gave reasonable estimates.

^bBias significant at P < 0.05.