Table 2.

Study Measures' Descriptive Statistics: Respondent-Level Analysis

Measure	Description	Number of Scale Items	Cronbach's Alpha	% Missing Responses	Mean or % (std)*
Team Behavior
Team dimension ratings	Higher score indicates more proficient  teamwork as defined by the five team  dimensions of the Behaviorally  Anchored Rating Scales (BARS).	5	0.94	0.4%	45.5 (22.1)
Subjective workload	Lower score indicates lower level of  perceived workload.	6	0.81	0.4%	33.7 (18.5)
ED Performance
Observed errors	Higher score indicates more clinical errors  defined as the ratio of the number of at  least one witnessed error (global, urgent,  emergent) to the length of observation  time per case.	1	na	0.0%	11.9% (45.9%)
Admission evaluation	Higher score indicates better overall ED  preparation of patients for admission into  a hospital unit.	1	na	6.3%	80.2 (19.6)
Attitude and Opinion
Staff attitudes toward teamwork	Higher score indicates better attitude  toward teamwork principles (e.g.,  assigning roles and responsibilities in  clinical situations, communicating with  staff both globally and for an individual  patient, balancing caseload and cross- monitoring actions of coworkers).	15	0.95	2.3%	76.1 (17.4)
Staff perceptions of support	Higher score indicates perceived support of  senior managers, ED administrative  team, and peers with respect to  performing teamwork behaviors.	3	0.85	1.7%	78.4 (21.2)
Patient satisfaction	Higher score indicates more satisfaction  with care received in the ED and  willingness to recommend the ED to  others.	12	0.97	8.1%	91.3 (16.6)

^*Measures are for all hospitals and periods combined. Range of values is 0–100.