Table 3.

Optimized swarm parameters for the five test functions.

Optimized parameters	Schaffer D = 2	Griewangk D = 30	Rastrigin D = 30	Rosenbrock D = 30	Sphere D = 30
w start	-0.19	0.68	0.76	0.08	0.147
w end	1.57	0.18	0.85	0.63	0.070
n1	0.66	1.87	1.89	1.20	0.984
n2	0.48	2.21	0.40	2.57	2.71