. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2006 May 22.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2003 Jul;39(4):693–705. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.693

Table 2.

Means (and Standard Errors) of Negative Expressions During Three Types of Frustration

	Frustration context
Expression	Extinction	Noncontingent	Partial
Anger
Learners	4.31 (1.9)_a	8.89 (2.7)_b	2.00 (1.1)_a
Nonlearners	1.29 (1.8)_c	1.63 (0.54)_c	4.10 (0.98)_c
Sadness
Learners	0.47 (0.22)_d,e	2.09 (0.69)_e	0.96 (0.57)_d
Nonlearners	0.54 (0.25)_d	0.95 (0.55)_d	1.18 (0.76)_d

Note. Scores within rows or columns with different subscripts are significantly different from one another by Mann–Whitney U test (two-tailed probability, corrected for ties).