Electrical stimulation was delivered (•) for 20 s with a supramaximal voltage of 20 V at 20 Hz using 2 ms pulses, before (control) and after (at 10 min) intravenous administration of hexamethonium (C6) at 1 and 10 mg kg−1 (A and B), atropine at 100 μg kg−1 (Atr; C), phentolamine at 100 μg kg−1 (Phe; D), and propranolol at 100 μg kg−1 (Pro; E). F, the MBF increases evoked by LN stimulation 10, 30 and 60 min after administration of C6 at 1 (white bars) and 10 (grey bars) mg kg−1, and Atr (black bars), are expressed as percentages of the pretreatment response and given as means ±s.e.m. The statistical significance of the differences in this pretreatment response (control) was assessed by ANOVA followed by a post hoc test (Fisher's PLSD) (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).