Glomeruli were exposed to VEGF (1 nm) (filled symbols/bars) or control solution (open symbols/bars) for between 0.5 and 56 min. A, effect of VEGF on LpA/Vi. Circles connected by lines represent LpA/Vi values from the same glomerulus before and after exposure to VEGF. Diamond-shaped symbols represent single LpA/Vi measurements in unpaired studies. Horizontal bars represent the mean of each group. VEGF exposure for 56 min elicited an approximate doubling of LpA/Vi, *P < 0.02, unpaired t test. B, bars represent mean ± s.e.m. transglomerular fluid efflux rates (Jv(f)) from populations of glomeruli exposed to control or VEGF (1 nm) solution. VEGF exposure for 30 s or 15 min increased mean Jv(f) by no more than that seen in control-exposed glomeruli. VEGF exposure for 23 min (**P < 0.005, unpaired t test) and 56 min (***P < 0.0001, unpaired t test) elicited a significant increase in mean Jv(f).