Table 1.

Characteristics of Respondents

Characteristic	English-speaking Japanese Americans	Japanese-speaking Japanese Americans	Japanese Living in Japan
Number	467	315	175
Mean age, y (SD)*	64.5 (13.5)	74.7 (9.1)	65.8 (8.6)
Male, %*	61.7	35.1	40.2
Marital status, %*
Married	70.0	50.7	76.4
Divorced or separated	5.6	10.4	6.9
Widowed	19.9	33.3	14.4
Never married	4.5	5.6	2.3
Household income ≤$50,000, %*†	58.4	84.6	79.3
Working, %*	43.5	23.1	35.3
Mean years of education (SD)*	14.1 (2.9)	11.5 (2.6)	11.3 (2.6)
Religious affiliation, %*
Christian	37.1	14.3	2.9
Buddhist	47.7	61.5	70.4
No specific affiliation	13.1	19.3	24.4
Other religion	2.2	5.0	2.3
Religiosity, %*
Not religious	48.6	47.0	57.6
Religious, not a church member	16.3	23.0	27.3
Religious, church member	35.1	30.0	15.1
Health Insurance, %*
National insurance	NA	NA	100
Medicare	41.5	32.8	NA
Private	55.7	46.8	NA
Medicaid alone/no insurance	2.8	20.4	NA
Have a regular doctor, %‡	99.8	98.0	100
Ethnicity of regular doctor, %*
Japanese	35.7	66.2	NA
White	40.2	12.8	NA
Other Asian	17.0	19.0	NA
Other ethnicity	7.2	2.0	NA
Mean years with regular doctor (SD)‡	3.5 (1.3)	3.7 (1.3)	3.8 (1.1)
Autonomy Preference Index (SD)*§	3.1 (1.2)	1.7 (0.8)	2.3 (0.99)
Mean acculturation score (SD)*||	69.1 (23.8)	26.0 (23.7)	NA
HRQOL, mean (SD)¶
Physical summary score*	48.9 (9.6)	47.1 (8.8)	46.2 (8.5)
Mental summary score*	53.6 (7.8)	49.8 (8.8)	45.6 (7.5)
Mean number of chronic conditions (SD)	2.2 (1.7)	2.0 (1.6)	2.0 (1.5)
Hospitalization in past 6 months, %‡	6.2	12.6	9.1

HRQOL= health-related quality of life.

* P <.001.

† Japanese yen converted to US dollars (¥140 = $1).

‡ P <.01.

§ Autonomy Preference Index ranges from 1 to 5; higher score indicates greater autonomy.

|| Acculturation score ranges from 0 to 100; higher score indicates more acculturation.

¶ Health-related quality of life measured by SF-12 on 0 to 100 scale; higher score is better.