TABLE 2—
Logistic Regressions of Daily Smoking, Lifetime and Current Nicotine Dependence (Add Health Wave III)a
| A. Ever Smoked Daily (Among Smokers of a Whole Cigarette n = 8373) | B. Lifetime Dependence (Among Ever Daily Smokers, n = 5125) | C. Current Dependence (Among Lifetime Dependents, n = 2660) | |||||||||
| Predictors | No. | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | No. | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | No. | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P, A vs B | P, B vs C |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||
| White (ref) | 5428 | . . . | . . . | 3634 | . . . | . . . | 2021 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| African American | 1180 | 0.67*** (0.53, 0.85) | 0.64*** (0.51, 0.79) | 614 | 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) | 0.80* (0.65, 0.98) | 300 | 1.87** (1.17, 2.98) | 1.26 (0.77, 2.07) | . . . | . . . |
| Hispanic | 1217 | 0.50*** (0.40, 0.63) | 0.39*** (0.30, 0.51) | 593 | 0.49*** (0.35, 0.67) | 0.39*** (0.28, 0.55) | 217 | 0.60* (0.39, 0.92) | 0.43*** (0.26, 0.70) | . . . | . . . |
| Other | 548 | 0.63** (0.46, 0.85) | 0.81 (0.56, 1.15) | 284 | 0.62* (0.41, 0.95) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.08) | 122 | 1.13 (0.58, 2.22) | 1.44 (0.78, 2.69) | . . . | . . . |
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Male (ref) | 4,182 | . . . | . . . | 2604 | . . . | . . . | 1409 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Female | 4,191 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.04) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) | 2521 | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | 1251 | 0.64*** (0.50, 0.80) | 0.70** (0.54, 0.90) | . . . | . . . |
| Age, y | |||||||||||
| 18, 19 (ref) | 858 | . . . | . . . | 513 | . . . | . . . | 254 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| 20 | 1084 | 1.22 (0.95, 1.57) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.48) | 679 | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 1.14 (0.86, 1.50) | 358 | 0.79 (0.52, 1.22) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.37) | . . . | . . . |
| 21 | 1364 | 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.41) | 856 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 1.12 (0.86, 1.44) | 434 | 0.93 (0.60, 1.43) | 0.84 (0.53, 1.33) | . . . | . . . |
| 22 | 1581 | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 1.27 (0.94, 1.72) | 963 | 1.13 (0.86, 1.48) | 1.30 (0.97, 1.73) | 494 | 0.87 (0.57, 1.34) | 0.95 (0.59, 1.55) | . . . | . . . |
| 23 | 1673 | 1.19 (092, 1.55) | 1.28 (0.94, 1.73) | 1038 | 1.38* (1.04, 1.82) | 1.59** (1.15, 2.20) | 550 | 0.67 (0.44, 1.02) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.17) | . . . | .004 |
| 24 | 1372 | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 1.32 (0.95, 1.83) | 812 | 1.12 (0.85, 1.47) | 1.47** (1.10, 1.95) | 422 | 0.62* (0.40, 0.98) | 0.69 (0.41, 1.17) | . . . | .009 |
| 25–27 | 441 | 1.39 (0.96, 2.02) | 1.42 (0.96, 2.09) | 264 | 1.62** (1.15, 2.31) | 1.79** (1.20, 2.68) | 148 | 0.95 (0.52, 1.72) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.67) | . . . | . . . |
| Family income (log)b | 6918 | 1.04 (0.95, 1.15) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 4246 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 2,216 | 0.92 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | . . . | . . . |
| Education | |||||||||||
| <12th grade (ref) | 829 | . . . | . . . | 650 | . . . | . . . | 434 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| High school graduate | 3308 | 0.64*** (0.50, 0.83) | 0.75 (0.57, 1.00) | 2258 | 0.70** (0.53, 0.92) | 0.81 (0.61, 1.08) | 1307 | 0.34*** (0.23, 0.51) | 0.40*** (0.26, 0.60) | . . . | .002 |
| Some college | 3106 | 0.31*** (0.24, 0.41) | 0.43*** (0.32, 0.59) | 1720 | 0.35*** (0.27, 0.47) | 0.55*** (0.40, 0.77) | 748 | 0.22*** (0.15, 0.33) | 0.32*** (0.21, 0.50) | . . . | .002 |
| College graduate | 1130 | 0.19*** (0.15, 0.26) | 0.22*** (0.16, 0.31) | 497 | 0.27*** (0.19, 0.38) | 0.41*** (0.27, 0.63) | 171 | 0.13*** (0.08, 0.22) | 0.21*** (0.11, 0.38) | . . . | .03 |
| Student’s status | |||||||||||
| Not enrolled (ref) | 5584 | . . . | . . . | 3715 | . . . | . . . | 2099 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Enrolled | 2789 | 0.47*** (0.40, 0.55) | 0.73** (0.59, 0.89) | 1410 | 0.48*** (0.41, 0.57) | 0.74** (0.60, 0.93) | 561 | 0.49** (0.39, 0.62) | 0.66** (0.49, 0.89) | . . . | . . . |
| Work status | |||||||||||
| Not working (ref) | 2408 | . . . | . . . | 1495 | . . . | . . . | 829 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Part-time work | 1614 | 0.70*** (0.60, 0.81) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.08) | 896 | 0.60*** (0.49, 0.74) | 0.75* (0.61, 0.94) | 396 | 0.79 (0.59, 1.06) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.61) | . . . | 0.036 |
| Full-time work | 4351 | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 2734 | 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.04) | 1435 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) | 1.23 (0.93, 1.63) | . . . | 0.04 |
| Has a child | |||||||||||
| No (ref) | 6691 | . . . | . . . | 3935 | . . . | . . . | 1962 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Yes | 1682 | 2.16*** (1.81, 2.58) | 1.57*** (1.27, 1.95) | 1190 | 1.54***(1.29, 1.83) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) | 698 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.37) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) | 0.02 | . . . |
| Marital status | |||||||||||
| Not currently married/not cohabiting (ref) | 5418 | . . . | . . . | 3143 | . . . | . . . | 1527 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Currently married | 1472 | 1.45*** (1.18, 1.77) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.27) | 920 | 1.40*** (1.16, 1.69) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | 521 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.26) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.18) | . . . | . . . |
| Currently cohabiting | 1483 | 2.09*** (1.78, 2.45) | 1.56*** (1.31, 1.86) | 1062 | 1.44*** (1.21, 1.72) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) | 612 | 1.17 (0.88, 1.56) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.41) | 0.03 | . . . |
| Residential parents ever smoked by prior interview | |||||||||||
| No parent (ref) | 3573 | . . . | . . . | 1867 | . . . | . . . | 774 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Both parents | 1293 | 2.35*** (1.96, 2.81) | 1.83*** (1.49, 2.26) | 929 | 2.33*** (1.87, 2.89) | 1.89*** (1.49, 2.41) | 566 | 1.49** (1.11, 2.01) | 1.38 (0.99, 1.93) | . . . | . . . |
| Only mother | 1527 | 2.03*** (1.72, 2.40) | 1.43*** (1.18, 1.73) | 1073 | 1.76*** (1.43, 2.16) | 1.34* (1.06, 1.68) | 605 | 2.03*** (1.56, 2.64) | 1.87*** (1.39, 2.51) | . . . | . . . |
| Only father | 1409 | 1.66*** (1.40, 1.97) | 1.45*** (1.18, 1.78) | 884 | 1.77*** (1.42, 2.21) | 1.56*** (1.23, 1.96) | 482 | 1.24 (0.93, 1.66) | 1.25 (0.92, 1.69) | . . . | . . . |
| No parent in household | 571 | 1.93*** (1.44, 2.60) | 1.22 (0.88, 1.69) | 372 | 2.26*** (1.71, 2.97) | 1.50* (1.08, 2.07) | 233 | 1.65* (1.07, 2.55) | 1.96** (1.20, 3.22) | . . . | . . . |
| Friend smoked at prior interview | |||||||||||
| No (ref) | 3428 | . . . | . . . | 1628 | . . . | . . . | 698 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Yes | 4917 | 2.75*** (2.40, 3.16) | 1.89*** (1.60, 2.23) | 3482 | 1.85*** (1.60, 2.14) | 1.34*** (1.15, 1.57) | 1950 | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | 1.12 (0.86, 1.46) | 0.01 | . . . |
| Novelty seekingb | 8277 | 1.33*** (1.24, 1.42) | 1.26*** (1.15, 1.38) | 5073 | 1.26*** (1.17, 1.35) | 1.22*** (1.12, 1.33) | 2630 | 1.28*** (1.15, 1.41) | 1.22** (1.08, 1.38) | . . . | . . . |
| Self–esteem | 8373 | 0.86*** (0.81, 0.92) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 5125 | 0.87*** (0.81, 0.93) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 2660 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.22) | . . . | . . . |
| Delinquencyb | 8351 | 1.14*** (1.06, 1.22) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 5111 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 2650 | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | . . . | . . . |
| Depressive symptomsb | 8373 | 1.13*** (1.07, 1.20) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 5125 | 1.25*** (1.15, 1.35) | 1.17*** (1.06, 1.28) | 2660 | 1.14** (1.04, 1.25) | 1.12* (1.00, 1.25) | 0.001 | . . . |
| Initial sensitivity to smoking | |||||||||||
| Dizzinessb | 8207 | 1.25*** (1.15, 1.37) | 1.18** (1.07, 1.30) | 5051 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 2621 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 0.006 | . . . |
| Pleasant symptomsb | 8184 | 2.42*** (2.24, 2.62) | 2.84*** (2.60, 3.10) | 5039 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.21*** (1.11, 1.33) | 2622 | 0.84** (0.75, 0.94) | 0.88* (0.77, 1.00) | 0.000 | . . . |
| Unpleasant symptomsb | 8208 | 0.67*** (0.62, 0.72) | 0.66*** (0.60, 0.71) | 5053 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 2625 | 0.88* (0.77, 1.00) | 0.85* (0.74, 0.98) | 0.000 | . . . |
| Onset age of smoking whole cigarette, y | |||||||||||
| ≤ 2 (ref) | 1113 | . . . | . . . | 846 | . . . | . . . | 574 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| 13–14 | 1675 | 0.64*** (0.50, 0.83) | 0.68** (0.49, 0.88) | 1178 | 0.60*** (0.49, 0.75) | 0.57*** (0.44, 0.73) | 668 | 0.86 (0.65, 1.14) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) | . . . | 0.029 |
| 15–17 | 3401 | 0.46*** (0.37, 0.56) | 0.54*** (0.44, 0.68) | 2155 | 0.44*** (0.36, 0.54) | 0.37*** (0.29, 0.48) | 1052 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.54) | . . . | 0.000 |
| ≥ 18 | 2090 | 0.20*** (0.16, 0.25) | 0.26*** (0.20, 0.34) | 905 | 0.28*** (0.22, 0.36) | 0.20*** (0.15, 0.27) | 343 | 1.00 (0.70, 1.44) | 1.22 (0.78, 1.89) | . . . | 0.000 |
| Time between smoking whole cigarette and smoking daily, y | |||||||||||
| < 1 (ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | 1895 | . . . | . . . | 1055 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| 1 | . . . | . . . | . . . | 1146 | 0.86 (0.70, 1.05) | 0.76* (0.61, 0.94) | 590 | 0.72* (0.54, 0.95) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.14) | . . . | . . . |
| 2 | . . . | . . . | . . . | 833 | 0.71** (0.56, 0.90) | 0.57*** (0.43, 0.75) | 413 | 0.78 (0.57, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.30) | . . . | 0.028 |
| ≥ 3 | . . . | . . . | . . . | 1144 | 0.70*** (0.58, 0.85) | 0.40* (0.33, 0.49) | 540 | 0.63*** (0.48, 0.82) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.09) | . . . | 0.001 |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; Ref = reference.
aUnweighted numbers; weighted estimates. Coefficients for missing values not shown.
bBased on standardized scores for continuous covariates.
* P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.