TABLE 3—
Logistic Regressions of Daily Smoking, Lifetime and Current Nicotine Dependence: Adjusted Odds Ratios of Predictors With Significant Racial/Ethnic Interaction Terms (Add Health Wave III)a
| A. Ever Smoked Daily (Among Smokers of a Whole Cigarette, n = 8373) | B. Lifetime Dependence (Among Ever Daily Smokers, n = 5125) | C. Current Dependence (Among Lifetime Dependents, n = 2660) | ||||
| Interactions of Race/Ethnicity with Specific Covariates | No. | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | No. | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | No. | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
| Education | ||||||
| Among Whites (vs < 12) | 465 | . . . | 395 | . . . | 301 | . . . |
| High school graduate | 2099 | 0.57** (0.37, 0.87) | 1590 | . . . | 991 | 0.28*** (0.16, 0.48) |
| Some college | 2065 | 0.32*** (0.21, 0.50) | 1276 | . . . | 595 | 0.22*** (0.12, 0.40) |
| College graduate | 799 | 0.17*** (0.10, 0.26) | 373 | . . . | 134 | 0.14*** (0.07, 0.28) |
| Among African Americans (vs < 12) | 162 | . . . | 122 | . . . | 72 | . . . |
| High school graduate | 522 | 0.42** (0.25, 0.72) | 292 | . . . | 151 | 1.46 (0.63, 3.34) |
| Some college | 379 | 0.35*** (0.19, 0.62) | 153 | . . . | 62 | 2.99* (1.02, 8.70) |
| College graduate | 117 | 0.25** (0.11, 0.59) | 47 | . . . | 15 | 0.53 (0.07, 3.73) |
| Among Hispanics (vs < 12) | 168 | . . . | 108 | . . . | 46 | . . . |
| High school graduate | 518 | 1.95* (1.20, 3.15) | 276 | . . . | 117 | 0.67 (0.27, 1.62) |
| Some college | 436 | 0.91 (0.53, 1.55) | 178 | . . . | 45 | 0.65 (0.17, 2.40) |
| College graduate | 95 | 0.50 (0.19, 1.29) | 31 | . . . | 9 | 1.52 (0.17, 13.8) |
| School enrollment | ||||||
| Among Whites (vs not enrolled) | 3596 | . . . | 2608 | . . . | 1585 | . . . |
| Currently enrolled | 1832 | . . . | 1026 | 0.69** (0.55, 0.86) | 436 | 0.70* (0.50, 0.97) |
| Among African Americans (vs not enrolled) | 821 | . . . | 469 | . . . | 242 | . . . |
| Currently enrolled | 359 | . . . | 145 | 1.05 (0.60, 1.82) | 58 | 0.26* (0.09, 0.73) |
| Among Hispanics (vs not enrolled) | 828 | . . . | 446 | . . . | 179 | . . . |
| Currently enrolled | 389 | . . . | 147 | 1.28 (0.67, 2.42) | 38 | 0.40 (0.10, 1.60) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Among Whites (vs not married/cohabiting) | 3371 | 2127 | . . . | 1099 | . . . | |
| Currently married | 1029 | 0.93 (0.72, 1.21) | 705 | . . . | 433 | . . . |
| Currently cohabiting | 1028 | 1.75*** (1.42, 2.15) | 802 | . . . | 489 | . . . |
| Among African Americans (vs not married/cohabiting) | 876 | 440 | . . . | 210 | . . . | |
| Currently married | 125 | 1.62 (0.78, 3.35) | 70 | . . . | 36 | . . . |
| Currently cohabiting | 179 | 1.09 (0.69, 1.70) | 104 | . . . | 54 | . . . |
| Among Hispanics (vs not married/cohabiting) | 774 | 376 | . . . | 139 | . . . | |
| Currently married | 248 | 0.99 (0.61, 1.59) | 111 | . . . | 38 | . . . |
| Currently cohabiting | 195 | 1.45 (0.89, 2.34) | 106 | . . . | 40 | . . . |
| Parental Smoking | ||||||
| Among Whites (vs no) | 2215 | . . . | 1269 | . . . | 552 | . . . |
| Both parents smoked | 1004 | . . . | 759 | 1.89*** (1.43, 2.49) | 479 | . . . |
| Only mother smoked | 980 | . . . | 730 | 1.39* (1.06, 1.82) | 437 | . . . |
| Only father smoked | 906 | . . . | 628 | 1.68*** (1.30, 2.16) | 379 | . . . |
| Among African Americans (vs no) | 488 | . . . | 220 | . . . | 96 | . . . |
| Both parents smoked | 105 | . . . | 59 | 1.63 (0.75, 3.53) | 35 | . . . |
| Only mother smoked | 310 | . . . | 197 | 1.08 (0.61, 1.93) | 102 | . . . |
| Only father smoked | 158 | . . . | 77 | 1.12 (0.55, 2.30) | 35 | . . . |
| Among Hispanics (vs no) | 583 | . . . | 238 | . . . | 69 | . . . |
| Both parents smoked | 144 | . . . | 85 | 2.02* (1.02, 4.02) | 35 | . . . |
| Only mother smoked | 187 | . . . | 115 | 1.97 (0.98, 3.93) | 52 | . . . |
| Only father smoked | 217 | . . . | 111 | 1.08 (0.52, 2.25) | 40 | . . . |
| Friend smoking | ||||||
| Among Whites (vs no) | 2006 | . . . | 1055 | . . . | 465 | . . . |
| Friend smoked | 3399 | 1.97*** (1.60, 2.40) | 2565 | 1.40*** (1.10, 1.62) | 1546 | . . . |
| Among African Americans (vs no) | 610 | . . . | 266 | . . . | 119 | . . . |
| Friend smoked | 562 | 1.16 (0.80, 1.60) | 343 | 1.10 (0.70, 1.77) | 176 | . . . |
| Among Hispanics (vs no) | 547 | . . . | 201 | . . . | 66 | . . . |
| Friend smoked | 665 | 2.12** (1.30, 3.50) | 390 | 2.30* (1.20, 4.39) | 35 | . . . |
| Delinquency | ||||||
| Delinquency for Whitesb | 5417 | . . . | 3626 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 2014 | . . . |
| Delinquency for African Americansb | 1176 | . . . | 612 | 1.14* (1.03, 1.26) | 298 | . . . |
| Delinquency for Hispanicsb | 1212 | . . . | 590 | 1.17 (0.96, 1.44) | 216 | . . . |
| Pleasant sensation | ||||||
| Pleasant sensation for Whitesb | 5428 | . . . | 3575 | 1.24*** (1.13, 1.37) | 1992 | 0.85* (0.73, 0.98) |
| Pleasant sensation for African Americansb | 1180 | . . . | 604 | 0.93 (0.72, 1.21) | 295 | 0.66* (0.46, 0.96) |
| Pleasant sensation for Hispanicsb | 1217 | . . . | 580 | 1.38* (1.00, 1.91) | 213 | 1.82* (1.08, 3.08) |
| Onset age of smoking a whole cigarette | ||||||
| Among Whites (vs ≤ 12) | 842 | 679 | 477 | |||
| Onset age 13–14 | 1241 | 0.60** (0.42, 0.86) | 916 | 0.55*** (0.43, 0.70) | 555 | . . . |
| Onset age 15–17 | 2205 | 0.47*** (0.36, 0.61) | 1500 | 0.32*** (0.25, 0.41) | 764 | . . . |
| Onset age ≥ 18 | 1079 | 0.22*** (0.16, 0.31) | 505 | 0.17*** (0.12, 0.24) | 206 | . . . |
| Among African Americans (vs ≤ 12) | 101 | 61 | 42 | |||
| Onset age 13–14 | 157 | 0.63 (0.28, 1.39) | 83 | 0.66 (0.23, 1.89) | 44 | . . . |
| Onset age 15–17 | 467 | 0.95 (0.49, 1.83) | 273 | 0.35 (0.12, 1.03) | 132 | . . . |
| Onset age ≥ 18 | 438 | 0.41** (0.22, 0.78) | 192 | 0.24** (0.09, 0.65) | 80 | . . . |
| Among Hispanics (vs ≤ 12) | 127 | 81 | 41 | |||
| Onset age 13–14 | 216 | 1.08 (0.48, 2.44) | 136 | 0.63 (0.24, 1.61) | 47 | . . . |
| Onset age 15–17 | 501 | 0.72 (0.36, 1.44) | 245 | 0.93 (0.37, 2.33) | 93 | . . . |
| Onset age ≥ 18 | 362 | 0.51 (0.24, 1.10) | 130 | 0.27* (0.09, 0.78) | 35 | . . . |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
aUnweighted numbers; weighted estimates. Main effects not shown.
bStandardized scores for continuous covariates.
* P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.