TABLE 1—

Effects From Each Study and Each Dependent Variable: Meta-Analysis of Safety and Health Training Effectiveness, 1971–2003

	Disattenuated Effect Size
Study	Safety Knowledge	Safety Performance	Safety and Health Outcomes
Alavosius and Sulzer-Azaroff 29	. . .	0.42	. . .
Albers et al.30	0.90	. . .	. . .
Arcury et al.31	0.32	0.39	. . .
Arnetz and Arnetz 32	0.20	. . .	. . .
Askari and Mehring33	0.43	. . .	. . .
Azizi et al.34	. . .	0.96	. . .
Baker 35	. . .	2.33	. . .
Barnett et al.36	0.30	. . .	. . .
Bosco and Wagner 37	1.45	. . .	. . .
Calabro et al.38	2.44	. . .	. . .
Caparez et al.39	1.53	. . .	. . .
Carlton40	3.67	0.56	. . .
Carrabba et al.41	. . .	0.29	0.20
Chaffin et al.42	. . .	0.19	. . .
Chhokar and Wallin43	. . .	0.86	. . .
Cohen and Jensen44
Plant 1	. . .	0.12	. . .
Plant 2	. . .	0.42	. . .
Cole et al.45	. . .	0.60	. . .
Coutts et al.46	0.82	. . .	. . .
Curwick et al.47	1.27	. . .	. . .
Daltroy et al.48	0.99	. . .	. . .
Daltroy et al.49
Mailhandlers	. . .		–0.02
Clerks	. . .		0.01
DeVries et al.50	. . .	0.60	. . .
Dortch and Trombly 51
Group 1 vs group 3	. . .	1.60	. . .
Group 2 vs group 3	. . .	1.51	. . .
Eckerman et al.52	2.35	. . .	. . .
Evanoff et al.53	. . .	. . .	0.39
Ewigman et al.54	0.43	0.69	. . .
Feldstein et al.55	. . .	. . .	0.37
Fox and Sulzer-Azaroff 56	. . .	0.72	. . .
Froom et al.57	. . .	1.55	. . .
Gerbert et al.58	1.04	0.23	. . .
Girgis et al. 59	0.10	0.37	. . .
Goldrick60
78 nurses	1.65	. . .	. . .
66 nurses	1.78	. . .	. . .
Haiduven et al.61	. . .	. . .	0.61
Hopkins62	. . .	0.59	. . .
Hultman et al.63	. . .	1.61	. . .
Hurlebaus and Link64	0.94	. . .	. . .
Infantino and Musingo65	. . .	. . .	0.58
Inman and Blanciforti 66	. . .	0.21	. . .
Knobloch and Broste67	. . .	1.02	. . .
Komaki et al.68
Makeup department	. . .	0.85	. . .
Wrapping department	. . .	0.76	. . .
Komaki et al.69
Department 1	. . .	0.37	. . .
Department 2	. . .	0.29	. . .
Department 3	. . .	0.20	. . .
Department 4	. . .	0.26	. . .
Leslie and Adams70	. . .	0.18	0.91
Ludwig and Geller 71	. . .	0.06	. . .
Ludwig and Geller 72
Participative goal setting	. . .	1.15	. . .
Assigned goal setting	. . .	1.07	. . .
Lueveswanij et al.73	1.21	. . .	. . .
Luskin et al.74	0.91	. . .	. . .
Lynch et al.75
Combined sample	0.72	. . .	. . .
Medical personnel	. . .	0.58	. . .
Nursing personnel	. . .	0.43	. . .
Lynch and Freund76	0.64	0.30	. . .
Maples et al.77	. . .	. . .	0.79
Marsh and Kendrick78	0.76	. . .	. . .
Martyny et al.79	0.10	. . .	. . .
Materna et al.80	. . .	1.68	. . .
Mattila81	. . .	0.29	. . .
Mattila and Hyodynmaa82
Office building site		0.36	. . .
Apartment building site		0.39	. . .
McCauley 83	. . .	1.27	. . .
Melhorn 84
Standard rivet gun training	. . .	. . .	0.34
Vibration-dampening rivet gun training	. . .	. . .	0.13
Michaels et al.85
Carpenters	0.92	. . .	. . .
Construction laborers and pipe caulkers	0.52	. . .	. . .
Custodial assistants	0.40	. . .	. . .
Dental assistants/hygienists and dentists	0.80	. . .	. . .
Electricians	0.79	. . .	. . .
Engineers and high-pressure plant tenders	0.78	. . .	. . .
Plumbers	0.78	. . .	. . .
Print shop workers	0.56	. . .	. . .
Traffic device maintainers	0.94	. . .	. . .
Nasanen and Saari 86	. . .	0.55	0.63
Parenmark et al.87	. . .	. . .	0.73
Parkinson et al.88	0.67	0.51	. . .
Peters89	0.35	. . .	. . .
Porru et al.90	0.40	. . .	. . .
Ray et al.91	. . .	0.69	. . .
Ray et al.92	. . .	0.38	. . .
Reber and Wallin93	. . .	0.20	. . .
Reber et al.94	. . .	0.95	0.68
Reddell et al.95	. . .	. . .	0.88
Rhoton96	. . .	. . .	0.98
Rundio97	1.85	. . .	. . .
Saarela98	. . .	. . .	0.20
Saarela et al.99
Tankers	. . .	. . .	–0.27
Ferries	. . .	. . .	–0.21
Saari100	. . .	0.46	. . .
Saari and Nasanen101	. . .	0.55	0.31
Sadler and Montgomery 102
Leader-directed group	. . .	0.39	. . .
Standard lecture	. . .	0.25	. . .
Schwartz103	. . .	. . .	1.39
Seto et al.104	1.45	1.48	. . .
Streff et al.105	. . .	0.29	. . .
Sulzer-Azaroff and de Santamaria106
Department 1	. . .	. . .	0.43
Department 2	. . .	. . .	0.66
Department 3	. . .	. . .	0.62
Department 4	. . .	. . .	0.16
Department 5	. . .	. . .	0.53
Department 6	. . .	. . .	0.13
Symes et al.107	0.45	. . .	. . .
Troup and Rauhala108	. . .	0.97	. . .
Uwakwe109	0.57	0.07	. . .
van Poppel et al.110	. . .	. . .	0.17
Vaught et al.111
Hands-on training	. . .	0.51	. . .
Computer-based training	. . .	–0.33	. . .
Videman et al.112	. . .	1.33	0.11
Wang et al.113	1.74	0.73	0.58
Wertz et al.114	0.47	. . .	. . .
Whitby et al.115	0.25	0.83	. . .
Williams and Geller 116	. . .	0.21	. . .
Williams and Zahed 117
Lecture method	3.67	. . .	. . .
Computer-based training	3.37	. . .	. . .
Wolford et al.118	. . .	0.44	. . .
Wong et al.119	. . .	0.23	. . .
Wynn and Black 120	0.97	. . .	. . .
Yarall121
Worksite B	0.67	1.12	. . .
Worksite C	0.80	2.07	. . .
Yassi et al.122	. . .	0.29	0.09
Zohar et al.123	. . .	1.21	. . .

Note. Effects are expressed as d statistics corrected for dependent variable unreliability.