TABLE 2—
Training Method Results: Meta-Analysis of Safety and Health Training Effectiveness, 1971–2003
| Safety Knowledge | Safety Performance | Safety and Health Outcomes | |||||||
| Training Method/Study Design | n | k | MΔ | n | k | MΔ | n | k | MΔ |
| Least engaging (overall) | 4097 | 18 | 0.55 | 2356 | 20 | 0.63 | 1950 | 3 | 0.2 |
| Between-subjects studies | 1071 | 7 | 0.58 | 1509 | 12 | 0.65 | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Within-subject studies | 3026 | 11 | 0.54 | 847 | 8 | 0.58 | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Moderately engaging (overall) | 3021 | 19 | 0.74 | 1864 | 31 | 0.62 | 4528 | 19 | −0.13 |
| Between-subjects studies | 1121 | 5 | 0.66 | 1044 | 10 | 0.74 | 3846 | 7 | −0.04 |
| Within-subject studies | 1900 | 14 | 0.79 | 820 | 21 | 0.47 | 682 | 11 | −0.66 |
| Highly engaging methods (overall) | 886 | 12 | 1.46 | 2019 | 16 | 0.74 | 3068 | 9 | −0.48 |
| Between-subjects studies | 609 | 7 | 1.27 | 1914 | 12 | 0.72 | 1588 | 6 | −0.25 |
| Within-subject studies | 277 | 5 | 1.89 | 105 | 4 | 1.14 | 1480 | 3 | −0.74 |
Note. n = total number of individuals; k = number of effects; MΔ = estimated mean d statistic corrected for dependent variable unreliability (mean Δ).