TABLE 3—

Training Method Results in Correlation Form: Meta-Analysis of Safety and Health Training Effectiveness, 1971–2003

	Safety Knowledge					Safety Performance					Safety and Health Outcomes
Training Method/Study Design	n	k	Mρ	95% CI	Vρ	n	k	Mρ	95% CI	Vρ	n	k	Mρ	95% CI	Vρ
Least engaging (overall)	4097	18	0.26	0.22, 0.29	0.01	2356	20	0.28	0.24, 0.32	0.02	. . .	. . .	. . .	. . .	. . .
Between-subjects studies	1071	7	0.27	0.20, 0.34	0.02	1509	12	0.29	0.24, 0.33	0.04	1950	3	0.1	0.15, 0.06	0.01
Within-subject studies	3026	11	0.25	0.21, 0.29	0.01	847	8	0.28	0.21, 0.35	0.00	. . .	. . .	. . .	. . .	. . .
Moderately engaging (overall)	3021	19	0.33	0.30, 0.37	0.03	1864	31	0.28	0.23, 0.32	0.03	4528	19	–0.06	−0.09, −0.03	0.01
Between-subjects studies	1121	5	0.29	0.23, 0.35	0.06	1044	10	0.32	0.26, 0.37	0.05	3846	7	–0.02	–0.05, 0.01	0.00
Within-subject studies	1900	14	0.36	0.32, 0.41	0.01	820	21	0.22	0.15, 0.27	0.00	682	12	–0.32	−0.38, −0.23	0.04
Highly engaging methods (overall)	886	12	0.58	0.52, 0.64	0.03	2019	16	0.34	0.30, 0.38	0.01	3068	9	–0.23	−0.26, −0.19	0.01
Between-subjects studies	609	7	0.52	0.45, 0.60	0.02	1553	10	0.33	0.29, 0.38	0.01	1588	6	–0.12	−0.17, −0.07	0.00
Within-subject studies	277	5	0.71	0.59, 0.83	0.02	105	4	0.46	0.31, 0.61	0.03	1480	3	–0.34	−0.38, −0.29	0.01

Note. n = total number of individuals; k = number of study effects; M_ρ = estimated mean correlation corrected for dependent variable unreliability (mean ρ); CI = confidence interval around estimated M_ρ; V_ρ = estimated variance of effects.