TABLE 3—
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Pediatric Health Service Use, Total Sample and Low-Income Subsample, by Immigrant Status: National Survey of America’s Families, 1999
| Total Sample, OR (95% CI) | Low-Income Subsample (Families Below 200% of FPL), OR (95% CI) | |||||||
| No Health Insurance at Various Times in Past Year | No Usual Source of CareOther Than ER in Past 12 Months | No Dental Visit in Past 12 Monthsa | No Doctor Visit in Past 12 Months | No Visit to Mental Health Specialist in Past 12 Monthsa | Lack of Health Insurance Coverage at Any Time in Past 12 Months | Medicaid/SCHIP/State Health Insurance Coverage | Aware of Medicaid Program | |
| Immigrant status | ||||||||
| US-born citizen | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| US-born citizen with noncitizen parents | 1.31 (1.00, 1.75) | 1.51 (1.04, 2.19) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.25) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.39) | 2.32 (1.12, 4.82) | 1.60 (1.20, 2.12) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.51) | 1.27 (0.81, 2.00) |
| Foreign-born citizen (naturalized) | 1.26 (0.69, 2.32) | 1.36 (0.64, 2.89) | 0.75 (0.46, 1.23) | 0.80 (0.42, 1.50) | 0.93 (0.41, 2.10) | 1.54 (0.61, 3.93) | 0.38 (0.18, 0.82) | 1.43 (0.56, 3.66) |
| Foreign-born noncitizen | 4.32 (3.31, 5.64) | 1.93 (1.34, 2.78) | 1.76 (1.34, 2.31) | 1.39 (1.05, 1.82) | 3.68 (1.93, 7.01) | 5.28 (3.68, 7.58) | 0.37 (0.25, 0.56) | 0.61 (0.40, 1.01) |
| Health status | ||||||||
| Good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poor/fair | 1.27 (0.96, 1.67) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.47) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.49) | 0.64 (0.50, 0.81) | 0.30 (0.21, 0.42) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.35) | 1.62 (1.23, 2.14) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.31) |
| Age group, y | ||||||||
| 0–5 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.51 (0.42, 0.61) | 2.89 (2.52, 3.31) | 0.45 (0.40, 0.50) | 3.43 (2.68, 4.40) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.02) | 1.72 (1.48, 2.00) | 1.24 (1.00, 1.54) |
| 6–10 | 1.07 (0.90, 1.27) | 0.59 (0.47, 0.74) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.92) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.87) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.24) | 1.23 (1.04, 1.47) | 1.16 (0.93, 1.45) |
| 11–17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.31) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.91) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) |
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2.09 (1.28, 3.43) | 2.27 (1.71, 3.01) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.53) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.40) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.41) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.08) | 2.58 (2.08, 3.20) | 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) |
| Hispanic | 1.15 (0.93, 1.42) | 2.20 (1.75, 2.78) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.57) | 1.29 (1.09, 1.53) | 1.35 (0.97, 1.86) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.51) | 1.45 (1.24, 1.71) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.22) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.47 (0.31, 0.72) | 3.17 (2.05, 4.90) | 1.39 (0.99, 1.94) | 1.35 (0.99, 1.83) | 2.32 (1.09, 4.96) | 0.50 (0.26, 0.96) | 0.96 (0.56, 1.66) | 0.31 (0.17, 0.57) |
| Other non-Hispanic | 2.09 (1.28, 3.43) | 1.49 (0.89, 2.49) | 0.76 (0.37, 1.54) | 1.14 (0.78, 1.67) | 0.38 (0.21, 0.69) | 1.46 (0.92, 2.31) | 1.34 (0.84, 2.14) | 2.65 (1.43, 4.91) |
| Family income, % of FPL | ||||||||
| < 100 | 5.31 (4.10, 6.87) | 1.93 (1.39, 2.67) | 1.78 (1.46, 2.17) | 1.43 (1.23, 1.67) | 0.48 (0.37, 0.61) | … | … | … |
| 100–199 | 6.04 (4.84, 7.53) | 1.55 (1.14, 2.12) | 2.09 (1.74, 2.50) | 1.54 (1.34, 1.77) | 0.72 (0.57, 0.91) | … | … | … |
| 200–299 | 3.16 (2.49, 4.00) | 1.62 (1.23, 2.14) | 1.68 (1.43, 1.98) | 1.43 (1.25, 1.64) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.01) | … | … | … |
| ≥ 300 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | … | … | … |
| Parents’ highest education | … | … | … | |||||
| Less than high school or GED | 2.17 (1.69, 2.78) | 1.55 (1.20, 2.02) | 2.02 (2.42, 2.69) | 1.84 (1.51, 2.24) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.65) | … | … | … |
| High school or GED | 1.21 (1.01, 1.43) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.44) | 1.38 (1.19, 1.60 | 1.28 (1.12, 1.47) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | … | … | … |
| More than high school or GED | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | … | … | … |
| Child’s medical insurance status in past 12 mo | … | … | … | |||||
| Always insured | … | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | … | … | … |
| Not always insured | … | 3.53 (2.86, 4.37) | 3.53 (2.95, 4.21) | 3.05 (2.56, 3.64) | 2.34 (1.63, 3.35) | … | … | … |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; ER = emergency room; FPL = federal poverty level; SCHIP = State Child Health Insurance Program; GED = general equivalency diploma. Values were adjusted for health status and demographic characteristics.
aAnalysis conducted with children older than 3 years.